Fig. 1 | International Journal of Oral Science

Fig. 1

From: Oral squamous cell carcinomas: state of the field and emerging directions

Fig. 1

Risk factors of OPMDs and OSCC. The initiation and development of OPMDs and OSCC share similar risk factors, including smoking, alcohol abuse, betel quid (BQ) chewing, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, nutritional insufficiency, immune deficiency, and hereditary conditions. OPMDs oral potentially malignant disorders, OSCC oral squamous cell carcinoma, PAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, ROS reactive oxygen species, TSNA tobacco-specific nitrosamines

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