Table 1 The risks factors, characteristics, epidemiology, and diagnosis of OPMDs
From: Oral squamous cell carcinomas: state of the field and emerging directions
OPMDs | Risk factors | Histopathology | Epidemiology | Diagnosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Homogeneous OL | ▪ Tobacco ▪ Alcohol ▪ BQ ▪ HPV | ▪ Superficial surface ▪ White surface ▪ Flat surface ▪ Sharp boundaries | ▪ Men aged over 40 ▪ Women non-smoking | ▪ Biopsy ▪ Toluidine blue ▪ Salivary diagnostics ▪ Brush biopsy |
Non-homogeneous OL | ▪ Speckled red lesions ▪ Irregular white lesions ▪ Corrugated epidermis ▪ Wrinkled epidermis ▪ Verrucous surface ▪ Exophytic growth ▪ Nodular outgrowths ▪ Polypoid outgrowths | ▪ Men aged 50-70 | ▪ Biopsy ▪ Toluidine blue ▪ Salivary diagnostics ▪ Brush biopsy | |
PVL | ▪ Verrucous surface ▪ Keratotic surface ▪ Multifocal | ▪ Women aged over 60 | ▪ Biopsy | |
OE | ▪ Tobacco ▪ Alcohol ▪ HPV | ▪ Fiery red patch ▪ Smooth surface ▪ Velvety surface ▪ Atrophic epithelium ▪ Thin epithelium ▪ Tough texture (Speckled) ▪ Granular texture (Speckled) | ▪ People susceptible to HPV | ▪ By exclusion |
OSMF | ▪ BQ ▪ Areca nuts | ▪ Vesicles ▪ Blanching mucosa ▪ Fibrosis ▪ Diffuse boundaries | ▪ People aged 20–50 | ▪ Solid biopsy ▪ Liquid biopsy |
Reticular OLP | ▪ Psychological stress ▪ Medications ▪ Dental materials ▪ EBV | ▪ Wickham striae ▪ Hyperkeratotic plaques | ▪ Women aged over 40 | ▪ Direct immunofluorescence |
Erosive OLP | ▪ Atrophic ulcers ▪ White striae ▪ Keratinization | |||
Erythematous OLP | ▪ Atrophic mucosa | |||
Plaque-like OLP | ▪ White lesions ▪ Hyperkeratotic surface | |||
Bullous OLP | ▪ Bullae ▪ Ulcerative surface |
