Fig. 2

Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of periodontal membrane tissue treated with EMD. a Schematic diagram of scRNA-seq. The diagram generated in part with BioRender.com. b t-SNE plot showing six distinct cell types identified from 18 500 cells. c Box plots comparing the percentages of mesenchymal cell lineage, endothelial cells, neutrophils, and myeloid lineage between control and EMD-treated samples. d Dot plot illustrates the enrichment of biological processes with significant activation and suppression in the EMD treated samples, with a focus on processes like soft tissue regeneration (yellow), anti-bone resorption (black), angiogenesis (red) and inflammation-related pathways (blue). The processes are color-coded by type, and the normalized enrichment score (NES) indicates the degree of activation (right) or suppression (left), with corresponding false discovery rate (FDR) values and gene set counts. e UMAP plots highlighting the enrichment of specific biological processes in distinct cell types