Fig. 7

SMAD7 indirectly regulates Wnt pathway via suppression on TGF-β pathway. a Cell sphere assay showing green fluorescence of hDPSCs at Day 1, 2, and 3 in the control, SB431542, sh-SMAD7, sh-SMAD7 + SB431542, TGF-β1, TGF-β1 + SB31542, SMAD7-OE, and sh-SMAD7 + SKL-2001 groups. b RT-qPCR analysis of C-MYC, CDKN1A, CYCLIN D1 and Ki-67 expression in hDPSCs across treatment groups. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test (n = 3). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. ***P < 0.001. c Alizarin red staining of hDPSCs in each treatment group. Scale bars: 50 μm. d Quantification of green fluorescence intensity in (a). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test (n = 3). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. e Quantification of the Alizarin red density in (c). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test (n = 3). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. ***P < 0.001. f Schematic of indirect regulation of SMAD7 on Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway