Table 4 Previous studies for urinary 3-PBA levels in general adult population and comparison with the present study.
Country (study year) | Targets | Age | Subject number | Sample number | %a | Geometric mean (median) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Canada (2007–2009) [23] | National study for Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) | 20–79 | 3439 | 3439 | 99.4 | 0.317 ng/mg-c (0.272 ng/mg-c) |
Caribbean (2008–2011) [24] | Pregnant women | 27b | 297 | 295 | 100 | 0.54 ng/mL (–) |
China (2013–2015) [25] | Shanghai resident women | ≥20 | 615 | 615 | 99.0 | 0.51 ng/mL and 0.73 ng/mg-c |
China (2011–2013) [26] | Pregnant women | ≥18 | 374 | 374 | 90.4 | 0.46 ng/mL and 1.09 ng/mg-c (0.48 ng/mL and 1.14 ng/mg-c) |
China (2009–2010) [9] | Pregnant women in agricultural area | 17–45 | 1149 | 1149 | >98.3 | 0.97 ng/mL and 1.53 ng/mg-c (1.01 ng/mL, 1.55 ng/mg-c) |
France (2011–2013) [27] | General population consumed organic or conventional food | ≥18 | 150/150 | 150/150 | 23/35 | 0.0201/0.0282 ng/mg-c |
France (2011) [28] | Pregnant women | ≥18 | 1077 | 1077 | 100 | 0.36 ng/mL and 0.50 ng/mg-c (0.36 ng/mL and 0.50 ng/mg-c) |
France (2002–2006) [29] | Pregnant women | – | 287 | 205 | 30.2 | <LOD, 0.008 |
Ghana (2014) [30] | Pregnant women in rural area | 17 | 49 | 75.5 | 0.23 ng/mL | |
Italy (1993–1998) [31] | Healthy adults in Florence and Ragusa | 35–64 | 69 | 69 | 53.6 | 1.58 ng/mLd (–) |
Japan (2009–2011) [32] | Pregnant women | 20–50 | 222 | 231 | – | 0.334 ng/mL, 0.376 ng/mL-SG, and 0.363 ng/mg-c (0.351 ng/mL, 0.361 ng/mL-SG, and 0.338 ng/mg-c) |
Japan (2005) [33] | Pregnant women | 39–85 | 448 | 448 | 98 | 0.29 ng/mL and 0.40 ng/mg-c (0.29 ng/mL and 0.36 ng/mg-c) |
Japan (2005) [34] | Rural/suburban males | 63.9 ± 0.83/49.3 ± 1.5c | 143/66 | 143/66 | –/– | 0.32 ng/mg-c (0.28 ng/mg-c)/0.49 ng/mg-c (0.43 ng/mg-c) |
Poland (2010–2011) [35] | Rural/urban residents | 18–77 | 56/134 | 56/134 | 80 | 0.317/0.203 ng/mL and 0.189/0.121 ng/mg-c (–) |
Puerto rico (2010–2012) [36] | Pregnant women | 18–40 | 54 | 141 | 46 | 0.20 ng/mL (<0.1 ng/mL) |
South Korea (2009–2011) [19] | Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNHES) | ≥19 | 6232 | 6232 | 99.8 | 1.47 ng/mL (1.55 ng/mL) |
South Korea (2008–2010) [37] | Pregnant women | – | 578 | 578 | 98.96 | 0.976 ng/mg-c (0.956 ng/mg-c) |
South Africa (2012–2013) [38] | Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies and the Environment (VHEMBE) | ≥18 | 705 | 694 | 100 | 0.712 ng/mL-SG (0.700 ng/mL-SG) |
Thailand (2017) [39] | Nonfarm workers/farmers living in agricultural community | 18–65 | 100/300 | 100/300 | 36.8/28.8 | 16.7/20.2 ng/mL (–) |
USA (2016–2017) [40] | Urban/suburban pregnant women | 18–35 | 20 | 20 | 70 | 0.55 ng/mL |
USA (2009–2011) [41] | Repeatedly collected urines for longitudinal study in North Carolina | 19–50 | 50 | 2472 | 74 | 0.96 ng/mL and 1.07 ng/mL-SG (0.88 ng/mL and 0.96 ng/mL-SG) |
USA (2007–2010) [42] | National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) | 20–79 | 2796 | 2796 | 72.0 | 0.41 ng/mL and 0.44 ng/mg-c (0.40 ng/mL and 0.40 ng/mg-c) |
USA (2004) [43] | New York City Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NYC HANES) | ≥20 | 2000 | 1452 | 58.5 | 0.76 ng/mL and 0.75 ng/mg-c |
USA (2000–2003) [44] | Males who visited fertility center | 20–54 | 159 | 159 | 79 | 0.62 ng/mL and 0.47 ng/mg-c |
USA (1999–2000, 2001–2002) [45] | National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) | 20–59 (1999–2000)/20–59 (2001–2002)/≥60 (2001–2002) | 833/1128/509 | 833/1128/509 | 64.2/75.8/70.3 | 0.267 ng/mL and 0.246 ng/mg-c (0.23 ng/mL and 0.26 ng/mg-c)/0.314 ng/mL and 0.311 ng/mg-c (0.27 ng/mL and 0.30 ng/mg-c)/0.303 ng/mL (0.32 ng/mL) |
Present study (2012–2015) | Korean Elderly Environmental Panel study (KEEP) | 60–98 | 1239 | 2132 | 99.4 | 1.19 ng/mL and 1.46 ng/mg-c (1.24 ng/mL and 1.47 ng/mg-c) |
