Table 4 Associations between dietary nitrate and nitrite exposure and risk of end-stage renal disease among AHS participants, stratified by median vitamin C intake (146.3 mg/day) and median heme iron intake (403.8 mg/day), respectively, 1999−2018.

From: Ingested nitrate and nitrite and end-stage renal disease in licensed pesticide applicators and spouses in the Agricultural Health Study

Exposure

Vitamin C Intake below Median

Vitamin C Intake above Median

Interaction p

Tertile

Total Cases (n = 90)

Total N (n = 15,086)

HR (95% CI)a

Tertile

Total Cases (n = 116)

Total N (n = 15,091)

HR (95% CI)a

Nitrate, diet total (mg NO3/day)

T1 (4.6−45.1)

43

7155

Referent

T1 (4.6−45.1)

19

2897

Referent

0.74

T2 (45.1−74.5)

28

5234

0.73 (0.44, 1.21)

T2 (45.1–74.5)

26

4813

0.72 (0.40, 1.32)

 

T3 (74.5−330.2)

19

2697

0.87 (0.48, 1.58)

T3 (74.5–553.6)

71

7381

1.12 (0.64, 1.96)

 

Nitrite, diet total (mg NO2/day)

T1 (0.1−0.9)

35

6534

Referent

T1 (0.1−0.9)

28

3517

Referent

0.69

T2 (0.9−1.3)

26

5023

1.18 (0.66, 2.09)

T2 (0.9–1.3)

28

5099

0.64 (0.37, 1.11)

 

T3 (1.4−4.3)

29

3529

2.26 (1.05, 4.86)

T3 (1.4−4.6)

60

6475

0.93 (0.49, 1.78)

 
 

Heme Iron Intake below Median

Heme Iron Intake above Median

Interaction p

Tertile

Total Cases (n = 92)

Total N (n = 15,088)

HR (95% CI)a

Tertile

Total Cases (n = 114)

Total N (n = 15,089)

HR (95% CI)a

Nitrate, diet total (mg NO3/day)

T1 (4.6−45.1)

32

5379

Referent

T1 (4.6−45.1)

30

4673

Referent

0.59

T2 (45.1−74.5)

21

4888

0.56 (0.32, 0.99)

T2 (45.1−74.5)

33

5159

0.90 (0.54, 1.50)

 

T3 (74.5−539.2)

39

4821

0.88 (0.51, 1.53)

T3 (74.5−553.6)

51

5257

1.22 (0.72, 2.06)

 

Nitrite, diet total (mg NO2/day)

T1 (0.1−0.9)

38

6313

Referent

T1 (0.1-0.9)

25

3738

Referent

0.70

T2 (0.9−1.3)

22

5126

0.63 (0.36, 1.12)

T2 (0.9–1.3)

32

4996

1.04 (0.60, 1.82)

 

T3 (1.4−4.1)

32

3649

1.01 (0.49, 2.10)

T3 (1.4–4.6)

57

6355

1.73 (0.89, 3.39)

 
  1. AHS Agricultural Health Study, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval.
  2. aCox proportional hazards models accounted for age, sex, state of residence, education, smoking status, and total caloric intake.
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