Table 1 Participants characteristics of the study population (N = 453).
Variables | N (%) / Mean ± SD |
|---|---|
Maternal age, years | 28.47 ± 5.95 |
Maternal race and ethnicity | |
Hispanic or Latina | 381 (84.1%) |
White, non-Hispanic | 12 (2.6%) |
Black, non-Hispanic | 54 (11.9%) |
Other, non-Hispanic | 6 (1.3%) |
Maternal education | |
Less than high school | 131 (28.9%) |
High school graduate | 144 (31.8%) |
Some college or technical school | 125 (27.6%) |
Completed 4 years of college | 46 (10.2%) |
Some graduate training after college | 7 (1.5%) |
Annual household income | |
Less than $30,000 | 220 (48.6%) |
$30,000 or more | 77 (17.0%) |
Not know | 156 (34.4%) |
Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 29.09 ± 6.57 |
Pre-pregnancy depression history | |
Yes in medical records | 48 (10.6%) |
Not recorded | 405 (89.4%) |
Parity | |
0 | 141 (31.1%) |
1 | 153 (33.8%) |
2 or more | 159 (35.1%) |
Preterm birth | 41 (9.1%) |
Season of child’s birth | |
Fall | 118 (26.0%) |
Spring | 108 (23.8%) |
Summer | 96 (21.2%) |
Winter | 131 (28.9%) |
Year of child’s birth | |
2020 | 83 (18.3%) |
2019 | 144 (31.8%) |
2018 | 132 (29.1%) |
2017 | 86 (19.0%) |
2016 | 8 (1.8%) |
Traffic-related NOx across pregnancy, ppb | |
Freeways/ Highways | 1.77 ± 1.51 |
Major roads | 0.30 ± 0.29 |
Minor roads | 1.56 ± 0.72 |
Total | 3.63 ± 1.71 |
