Table 1 Characteristics of UPSIDE participants contributing to this analysis (N = 292)a.
Continuous Variables | Mean (SD) |
|---|---|
Kilocalories per dayb | 2161.6 (321.3) |
Percent of calories from UPFb | 53.8 (17.0) |
Healthy Eating Indexb | 54.9 (13.8) |
% protein from vegetable sourceb | 38.4 (14.2) |
% protein from animal sourceb | 61.6 (14.2) |
Categorical Variables | N (%) |
Maternal age (years) | |
<25 | 52 (17.8) |
25–29 | 98 (33.6) |
30–34 | 108 (37.0) |
≥35 | 34 (11.6) |
Early pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | |
<25 | 127 (43.5) |
25–29 | 77 (26.4) |
>30 | 88 (30.1) |
Full term | 277 (94.9) |
Ethnicity/race | |
Hispanic | 31 (10.6) |
Non-Hispanic White | 168 (57.5) |
Non-Hispanic Black | 69 (23.6) |
Asian, Pacific Islander, Mixed Race, Other | 24 (8.2) |
Education | |
Less than high school/high school | 108 (37.0) |
Some college/college | 112 (38.4) |
Post-secondary | 71 (24.3) |
Nulliparous | 99 (33.9) |
Use of social services in pregnancy (any) | 162 (55.5) |
Married/Living as Married | 171 (58.6) |
Infant Sex (male) | 143 (49.0) |
Urine sample collection season | |
Spring | 231 (29.8) |
Summer | 226 (29.2) |
Fall | 147 (19.0) |
Winter | 170 (22.0) |
Placenta sample collection season | |
Spring | 50 (18.4) |
Summer | 67 (24.7) |
Fall | 96 (35.4) |
Winter | 58 (21.4) |
