Fig. 3: Key effects of noise observed in human field studies.

A Effects of 30 and 60 aircraft noise events on the brachial artery (Noise30 and Noise60) of 70 healthy subjects. Vitamin C effects were assessed in a subgroup of the cohort. A priming effect of aircraft noise on endothelial function was observed, i.e., previous exposure to Noise30 caused Noise60 to have a significantly stronger reduction of flow-mediated dilation [52]. Serum adrenaline levels also increased significantly. B Effects of 30 and 60 railway noise events on flow-mediated brachial artery dilation in 70 healthy subjects. Vitamin C effects were assessed in a subgroup. C Methodology of FMD. D Effects of aircraft noise on oxidative stress markers (3-nitrotyrosine [3-NT] and 8-isoprostane) in serum that were measured in the samples of the aircraft noise study and published in ref. [32]. Adapted from [32] with permission. Copyright ©2018, Oxford University Press.