Table 2 Associations between maternal education and urinary chemicals among pregnant ECHO participants by self-reported racial/ethnic identity.

From: Racial and ethnic differences in prenatal exposure to environmental phenols and parabens in the ECHO Cohort

Hispanic

Ratio of GMs

95% CI low

95% CI high

p-value

Non-Hispanic White

Ratio of GMs

95% CI low

95% CI high

p-value

2,4-dichlorophenol

0.91

0.75

1.10

0.32

2,4-dichlorophenol

0.94

0.78

1.14

0.56

2,5-dichlorophenol

1.06

0.83

1.35

0.64

2,5-dichlorophenol

1.18

0.93

1.49

0.17

Benzophenone-3

0.68

0.55

0.84

<0.001

Benzophenone-3

0.73

0.55

0.97

0.03

Bisphenol A

0.99

0.88

1.12

0.90

Bisphenol A

1.16

0.95

1.43

0.14

Bisphenol F

0.98

0.77

1.23

0.83

Bisphenol F

0.99

0.71

1.36

0.94

Bisphenol S

1.16

1.01

1.33

0.04

Bisphenol S

1.12

0.90

1.40

0.32

Butyl Paraben

0.70

0.44

1.10

0.13

Butyl Paraben

1.23

0.73

2.07

0.45

Ethyl Paraben

0.55

0.35

0.87

0.01

Ethyl Paraben

0.83

0.51

1.35

0.46

Methyl Paraben

0.90

0.73

1.10

0.29

Methyl Paraben

1.13

0.86

1.50

0.38

Propyl Paraben

0.83

0.63

1.10

0.19

Propyl Paraben

0.99

0.69

1.42

0.94

Non-Hispanic Black

Ratio of GMs

95% CI low

95% CI high

p-value

Non-Hispanic Other

Ratio of GMs

95% CI low

95% CI high

p-value

2,4-dichlorophenol

1.52

0.87

2.67

0.14

2,4-dichlorophenol

1.35

0.71

2.57

0.36

2,5-dichlorophenol

1.81

0.93

3.52

0.08

2,5-dichlorophenol

4.80

1.51

15.32

0.01

Benzophenone-3

0.45

0.23

0.87

0.02

Benzophenone-3

0.44

0.25

0.77

0.004

Bisphenol A

0.95

0.74

1.21

0.66

Bisphenol A

1.31

0.92

1.86

0.13

Bisphenol F

1.02

0.52

1.97

0.96

Bisphenol F

0.83

0.40

1.72

0.62

Bisphenol S

1.47

0.84

2.60

0.18

Bisphenol S

1.12

0.71

1.76

0.63

Butyl Paraben

0.57

0.20

1.58

0.28

Butyl Paraben

0.43

0.11

1.73

0.24

Ethyl Paraben

0.41

0.13

1.29

0.13

Ethyl Paraben

0.54

0.11

2.63

0.45

Methyl Paraben

0.53

0.28

1.00

0.05

Methyl Paraben

2.02

0.73

5.60

0.17

Propyl Paraben

0.70

0.33

1.51

0.37

Propyl Paraben

3.90

1.15

13.22

0.03

  1. CI confidence interval, ECHO Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes, GM geometric mean.
  2. Effect estimates are ratios of geometric means and 95% confidence intervals from individual linear mixed effect censored-response regression models of specific gravity/creatinine-corrected urinary phenol and paraben concentrations as outcomes and maternal educational level (<bachelor’s degree vs. ≥bachelor’s degree), a random intercept on pregnancy to account for multiple urine measurements, and adjusted for maternal age (years), pre-pregnancy body mass index (kg/m2), gestational age at biospecimen collection (weeks), season of biospecimen collection (fall vs. winter vs. spring vs. summer), and study cohort (11 cohorts). Bold font indicates statistically significant result after correction for multiple comparisons with p < 0.005 (i.e., α = 0.05/10 tests).
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