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Understudied PFAS precursors dominate household dust: insights from a pilot study in Rochester, NY

Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology (2026)Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Indoor exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may contribute substantially to total PFAS exposure, yet few studies characterize indoor concentrations of precursor PFAS.

Objective and methods

We conducted a pilot study targeting 46 ionic and neutral PFAS in vacuumed dust from 20 low-income owner-occupied homes in Rochester, New York.

Results

Forty-three PFAS were detected; polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs), fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), and perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) were detected in every sample. The highest median concentrations were 6:2 diPAP (755 ng/g), 6:2 FTOH (77.5 ng/g), and 6:2/8:2 diPAP (36.2 ng/g). Median PFAS concentrations differed by housing characteristics, although not significantly, with higher concentrations of PFCAs and lower PAPs in carpeted homes, and higher FOSEs, PFCAs, and PFSAs in homes with more upholstered furniture.

Impact

Under-studied PFAS, including important precursors, are prevalent in the indoor environment, and their levels are linked to housing characteristics. The ubiquity of PFAS mixtures indoors supports the need for class-based regulation.

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Fig. 1: Average percent contribution (%) of individual PFAS and ΣPFASgroup to Σ41PFAS concentrations.
Fig. 2: Σ41PFAS concentrations for each home.
Fig. 3: Median percent differences in median ΣPFAS concentrations (ng/g) for each housing characteristic by PFAS group.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (Healthy Homes Technical Study MAHHU0060-20) and the University of Rochester Environmental Health Sciences Center (EHSC) Grant Pilot Project Program through a grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH)/National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) (P30 ES001247). AMM is supported by a NIEHS T32 training grant (T32ES023769). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of NIH/NIEHS, HUD, or the Government. We thank the ROC HOME study participants and Cait Sharma, Olivia Waysack, and Jacob Hall for data collection.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Silent Spring Institute, Newton, MA, USA

    Alina M. McIntyre, Julia O. Udesky, Jennifer L. Ohayon, Laurel A. Schaider & Robin E. Dodson

  2. Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA

    Katrina S. Korfmacher

  3. School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA

    Chunjie Xia, Staci L. Capozzi & Marta Venier

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  1. Alina M. McIntyre
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  2. Julia O. Udesky
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  9. Robin E. Dodson
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Contributions

Alina M. McIntyre contributed to methodology, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, visualization, and writing (original draft). Julia O. Udesky contributed to methodology, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, visualization, and writing (review and editing). Katrina S. Korfmacher contributed to conceptualization, investigation, supervision, funding acquisition, and writing (review and editing). Chunjie Xia contributed to formal analysis, investigation, data curation, and writing (review and editing). Staci L. Capozzi contributed to formal analysis, investigation, data curation, project administration, and writing (review and editing). Marta Venier contributed to methodology, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, supervision, project administration, and writing (review and editing). Jennifer L. Ohayon contributed to supervision and writing (review and editing). Laurel A. Schaider contributed to conceptualization, methodology, funding acquisition, and writing (review and editing). Robin E. Dodson contributed to conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, supervision, funding acquisition, and writing (review and editing).

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Correspondence to Alina M. McIntyre.

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McIntyre, A.M., Udesky, J.O., Korfmacher, K.S. et al. Understudied PFAS precursors dominate household dust: insights from a pilot study in Rochester, NY. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-026-00841-2

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