Table 3 Comparison of the Geometric Means of Tobago Health Study (THS) Urinary Metal Concentrations (μg/L) to Global Studies.

From: Risk factors associated with urinary metal concentrations in middle-aged and older Caribbean adults: the Tobago Health Study

 

Sex

Tobago Health Study

Puerto Rico1 [7]

US2 [26, 27]

Canada [18]

Ghana3 [19]

Germany [20]

Italy [21]

Ethiopia [22]

Bangladesh [23]

Indonesia [23]

Nepal [23]

Vietnam [23]

China [24]

Taiwan [25]

n

 

896

660

1248

6311

57

77

260

386

549

186

700

496

98

1871

Ages

 

40–87

18–40

40–87

3–79

19–60

19–78

18–60

10–50

18+

18+

18+

18+

35-85

18+

As

Men

60.80

 

4.59

 

94.33

        

72.90

Women

35.70

10.90

4.11

          

70.90

Both

   

8.90

 

9.20

 

20.90

85.00

53.10

26.20

107.00

20.10

 

Ba

Men

1.16

 

1.10

           

Women

1.09

2.50

0.88

           

Both

            

1.69

 

Cd

Men

0.54

 

0.21

 

0.38

 

0.24

      

0.59

Women

0.74

0.12

0.22

   

0.27

      

0.64

Both

   

0.38

 

0.16

 

0.61

0.79

0.51

0.39

0.94

0.34

 

Co

Men

0.29

 

0.41

 

1.79

 

0.34

      

0.28

Women

0.43

1.00

0.35

   

0.53

      

0.42

Both

   

0.23

 

0.35

 

1.05

      

Cs

Men

7.17

 

4.68

           

Women

6.46

4.90

3.75

           

Both

   

4.60

        

7.36

 

Cu

Men

14.30

   

37.33

 

13.30

      

11.00

Women

13.90

14.00

    

10.60

      

9.89

Both

   

11.00

   

5.21

      

Mo

Men

56.10

 

33.69

           

Women

52.00

58.90

25.50

           

Both

   

45.00

 

32.00

 

335.00

      

Pb

Men

0.86

 

0.39

 

1.12

 

0.74

      

0.96

Women

0.86

0.25

0.26

   

0.58

      

0.88

Both

   

0.51

 

0.59

 

0.21

2.80

0.84

1.07

1.29

1.27

 

Sn

Men

0.78

 

0.48

           

Women

0.67

2.10

0.48

           

Both

     

0.41

        

Tl

Men

0.28

 

0.16

   

0.23

      

0.19

Women

0.25

 

0.13

   

0.18

      

0.18

Both

   

0.23

 

0.21

 

1.44

      

U

Men

0.0032

 

0.0047

           

Women

0.0039

 

0.0055

           

Both

              

Zn

Men

752.00

   

437.21

        

432.29

Women

627.00

266.00

           

435.47

Both

   

320.00

 

308.00

 

283.00

    

462.00

 
  1. 1Ashrap et al. study includes pregnant women.
  2. 2includes NHANES 2017-2018 for all but one metal (n = 1248) and NHANES 2015-2016 for U only (n = 1211).
  3. 3Basu et al. study includes the gold mining community.