Table 3 Comparison of the Geometric Means of Tobago Health Study (THS) Urinary Metal Concentrations (μg/L) to Global Studies.
Sex | Tobago Health Study | Puerto Rico1 [7] | Canada [18] | Ghana3 [19] | Germany [20] | Italy [21] | Ethiopia [22] | Bangladesh [23] | Indonesia [23] | Nepal [23] | Vietnam [23] | China [24] | Taiwan [25] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 896 | 660 | 1248 | 6311 | 57 | 77 | 260 | 386 | 549 | 186 | 700 | 496 | 98 | 1871 | |
Ages | 40–87 | 18–40 | 40–87 | 3–79 | 19–60 | 19–78 | 18–60 | 10–50 | 18+ | 18+ | 18+ | 18+ | 35-85 | 18+ | |
As | Men | 60.80 | 4.59 | 94.33 | 72.90 | ||||||||||
Women | 35.70 | 10.90 | 4.11 | 70.90 | |||||||||||
Both | 8.90 | 9.20 | 20.90 | 85.00 | 53.10 | 26.20 | 107.00 | 20.10 | |||||||
Ba | Men | 1.16 | 1.10 | ||||||||||||
Women | 1.09 | 2.50 | 0.88 | ||||||||||||
Both | 1.69 | ||||||||||||||
Cd | Men | 0.54 | 0.21 | 0.38 | 0.24 | 0.59 | |||||||||
Women | 0.74 | 0.12 | 0.22 | 0.27 | 0.64 | ||||||||||
Both | 0.38 | 0.16 | 0.61 | 0.79 | 0.51 | 0.39 | 0.94 | 0.34 | |||||||
Co | Men | 0.29 | 0.41 | 1.79 | 0.34 | 0.28 | |||||||||
Women | 0.43 | 1.00 | 0.35 | 0.53 | 0.42 | ||||||||||
Both | 0.23 | 0.35 | 1.05 | ||||||||||||
Cs | Men | 7.17 | 4.68 | ||||||||||||
Women | 6.46 | 4.90 | 3.75 | ||||||||||||
Both | 4.60 | 7.36 | |||||||||||||
Cu | Men | 14.30 | 37.33 | 13.30 | 11.00 | ||||||||||
Women | 13.90 | 14.00 | 10.60 | 9.89 | |||||||||||
Both | 11.00 | 5.21 | |||||||||||||
Mo | Men | 56.10 | 33.69 | ||||||||||||
Women | 52.00 | 58.90 | 25.50 | ||||||||||||
Both | 45.00 | 32.00 | 335.00 | ||||||||||||
Pb | Men | 0.86 | 0.39 | 1.12 | 0.74 | 0.96 | |||||||||
Women | 0.86 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.58 | 0.88 | ||||||||||
Both | 0.51 | 0.59 | 0.21 | 2.80 | 0.84 | 1.07 | 1.29 | 1.27 | |||||||
Sn | Men | 0.78 | 0.48 | ||||||||||||
Women | 0.67 | 2.10 | 0.48 | ||||||||||||
Both | 0.41 | ||||||||||||||
Tl | Men | 0.28 | 0.16 | 0.23 | 0.19 | ||||||||||
Women | 0.25 | 0.13 | 0.18 | 0.18 | |||||||||||
Both | 0.23 | 0.21 | 1.44 | ||||||||||||
U | Men | 0.0032 | 0.0047 | ||||||||||||
Women | 0.0039 | 0.0055 | |||||||||||||
Both | |||||||||||||||
Zn | Men | 752.00 | 437.21 | 432.29 | |||||||||||
Women | 627.00 | 266.00 | 435.47 | ||||||||||||
Both | 320.00 | 308.00 | 283.00 | 462.00 |