Table 1 Description of the study population.

From: Sex and resting heart rate influence the relation between arterial stiffness and cardiac structure and function – insights from the general population

 

Overall

Female

Male

P

Parameter

Mean (25th/75th percentile)

 

Age

53 (28, 44; 63, 86)

52 (28, 44; 63, 82)

54 (28; 44; 64; 86)

0.348

Body mass index (kg/m²)

26.76 (17.59, 23.95; 29.86, 45.69)

26.05 (17.59, 23.01; 29.81, 45.69)

27.34 (17.74; 24.96; 29.92; 40.48)

0.001

HbA1c (%)

5.5 (4.0, 5.3; 5.7, 10.1)

5.5 (4.4, 5.2; 5.7, 10.1)

5.5 (4.0; 5.3; 5.7; 9.1)

0.004

Body fat (%)

33.7 (7.4, 27.0; 40.8, 59.2)

39.2 (12.6, 33.0; 45.3, 59.2)

28.2 (7.4; 22.8; 33.3; 46.9)

<0.001

Fat free mass (kg)

66.3 (40.8, 59.2; 73.0, 92.6)

60.8 (40.8, 54.8; 67.1, 59.2)

71.8 (53.1; 66.7; 77.2; 92.6)

0.549

LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

3.3 (1.0, 2.7; 4.0, 6.8)

3.3 (1.0, 2.7; 4.0, 6.8)

3.34 (1.16, 2.7; 3.9, 6.38)

<0.001

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.50 (0.59, 1.24; 1.826.8)

1.66 (0.76, 1.41; 1.99, 6.8)

1.32 (0.59, 1.11; 1.56, 2.70)

 

Smoking status

   

<0.001

Current (%)

18.7

18.9

18.5

 

Former (%)

45.9

40.0

52.8

 

Never (%)

35.4

41.1

28.7

0.313

Antihypertensive medication (%)

28.2

26.9

29.6

 

Antidiabetic medication (%)

4.1

2.6

5.9

0.005

Pulse wave velocity and augmentation index

 aoPWV (m/s)

8.1 (4.0, 7.4; 9.0, 12.7)

8.4 (4.0, 7.6; 9.2, 12.3)

7.9 (4.0, 7.2; 8.6, 12.7)

<0.001

 cfPWV (m/s)

9.0 (2.8, 7.8; 10.2, 15.7)

9.4 (2.8, 8.2; 10.6, 15.1)

8.5 (2.8, 7.5; 9.6, 15.7)

<0.001

 baPWV (m/s)

8.6 (4.5, 7.8; 9.8, 17.2)

8.4 (4.5, 7.4; 9.5, 17.2)

9.0 (4.7, 8.0; 10.1, 16.3)

<0.001

 aoAIx

17 (−13, 9; 25, 45)

21 (−3, 14; 29, 45)

11 (−13, 5; 19, 42)

<0.001

 Ao75AIx

17 (−15, 10; 27, 50)

22 (−3, 15; 31, 50)

12 (−15, 5; 20, 49)

<0.001

 BrAIx

−27 (−100, −51; 1, 62)

−13 (−90, −35; 13, 62)

−44 (−100, −64; −19, 55)

0.006

Echocardiography

 LVEF (%)

72.3 (41.1, 66.1, 77.7, 94.7)

72.7 (45.0, 67.4; 78.7; 93.7)

71.2 (41.1, 64.8, 77.2, 94.69)

<0.001

 EDV (ml)

111 (44, 94; 133, 283)

100 (44, 86; 16, 207)

127 (45, 109; 148, 283)

<0.001

 ESV (ml)

30 (6, 23; 40, 141)

27 (6, 21; 35, 97)

36 (6, 28; 46, 141)

<0.001

 PWD (mm)

0.99 (0.59, 0.88; 1.10, 1.69)

0.93 (0.61, 0.83; 1.02, 1.69)

1.07 (0.59, 0.95; 1.16, 1.60)

0.004

 Map (mmHg)

107 (79, 99; 115, 157)

103 (79, 96; 111, 157)

111 (82, 104; 118, 155)

<0.001

 HR (bpm)

65 (36, 59; 71, 99)

66 (43, 60; 72, 98)

64 (36, 58; 70, 99)

<0.001

  1. Continuous parameters are provided as median (minimum, 25th percentile, 75th percentile, maximum) and nominal variables are given as percentages. Differences between male and female study participants are calculated using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney-Test was for continuous and Chi-square for nominal variables.
  2. (HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, LDL low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, aoPWV aortic pulse wave velocity, cfPWV carotidal femoral pulse wave velocity, baPWV brachio-ankle pulse wave velocity, aoAIx aortic augmentation index, ao75AIx aortic augmentation index at 75 bpm heart rate, brAIx brachial augmentation index, LVEF Left ventricular ejection fraction, EDV end-diastolic volume, ESV end-systolic volume, PWD diastolic posterior wall thickness, map mean arterial pressure, HR heart rate).
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