Table 2 Association of hypertension and depression with all-cause mortality and CVD.

From: Independent and joint associations of hypertension and depression with cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality: a population-based cohort study

Variables

Neither hypertension nor depression

Hypertension alone

Depression alone

Both hypertension and depression

Overall

(n = 3585)

(n = 2352)

(n = 1952)

(n = 1289)

(n = 9178)

All-cause mortality

 Case, n(%)

192 (5.4%)

247 (10.5%)

126 (6.5%)

164 (12.7%)

729 (7.9%)

 Unadjusted

1.000 (Ref)

2.074 (1.704–2.523)***

1.219 (0.967–1.538)

2.576 (2.069–3.207)***

 

 Age and sex-adjusted

1.000 (Ref)

1.404 (1.138–1.732)**

1.148 (0.898–1.468)

1.712 (1.348–2.176)***

 

 Multivariable-adjusteda

1.000 (Ref)

1.414 (1.133–1.764)**

1.023 (0.795–1.317)

1.524 (1.180–1.968)**

 

CVDb

 Case, n(%)

604 (16.8%)

768 (32.7%)

505 (25.9%)

504 (39.1%)

2381 (25.9%)

 Unadjusted

1.000 (Ref)

2.393 (2.116–2.706)***

1.722 (1.507–1.969)***

3.169 (2.749–3.652)***

 

 Age and sex-adjusted

1.000 (Ref)

2.223 (1.962–2.519)***

1.639 (1.432–1.876)***

2.797 (2.417–3.237)***

 

 Multivariable-adjustedb

1.000 (Ref)

1.945 (1.702–2.222)***

1.572 (1.365–1.809)***

2.207 (1.885–2.584)***

 

Stroke

 Case, n(%)

158 (4.4%)

313 (13.3%)

168 (8.6%)

191 (14.8%)

830 (9.0%)

 Unadjusted

1.000 (Ref)

3.330 (2.729–4.063)***

2.043 (1.632–2.557)***

3.773 (3.023–4.708)***

 

 Age and sex-adjusted

1.000 (Ref)

3.155 (2.578–3.860)***

2.055 (1.639–2.576)***

3.603 (2.869–4.523)***

 

 Multivariable-adjustedb

1.000 (Ref)

2.674 (2.161–3.309)***

2.058 (1.631–2.597)***

2.824 (2.210–3.609)***

 

Cardiac eventsc

 Case, n(%)

483 (13.5%)

552 (23.5%)

389 (19.9%)

397 (30.8%)

1821 (19.8%)

 Unadjusted

1.000 (Ref)

1.970 (1.720–2.255)***

1.598 (1.380–1.851)***

2.858 (2.455–3.328)***

 

 Age and sex-adjusted

1.000 (Ref)

1.836 (1.600–2.108)***

1.494 (1.289–1.732)***

2.486 (2.125–2.909)***

 

 Multivariable-adjusteda

1.000 (Ref)

1.622 (1.399–1.879)***

1.402 (1.201–1.636)***

2.005 (1.692–2.376)***

 
  1. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
  2. aMultivariable-adjusted for age, gender, education, marital status, residence, BMI, drinking, smoking, and chronic comorbidities.
  3. bCVD including stroke and cardiac events.
  4. cCardiac events included myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, angina, congestive heart failure, or other heart problems.
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