Table 2 Intervention characteristics.
Study | Aspect of intervention | Intensity | Duration (months) | Person involvement? | Behavioural theories/techniques |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Green [24] | Home blood pressure monitoring device with instructions to upload readings to website | Twice weekly | 12 | No | Nil mentioned |
Access to Group Health website, which includes facilities for refilling medication, viewing medical record, and resources for lifestyle change | Patient directed | ||||
Bennett [21] | Motivational coaching sessions with dietician – two in person, two over the phone | Every 3 weeks | 3 | Yes | Motivational interviewing |
Website with self-monitoring of adherence to behaviour change goals | Patient directed | ||||
Session with health coach to select four obesogenic behaviour change goals | Once, at start of intervention | ||||
Golshahi [23] | Regular SMS messages with self-management advice about medication adherence, increased physical activity, DASH diet, smoking cessation | Twice weekly | 8 | No | Nil mentioned |
Kim [34] | Home blood pressure monitor, reminders to monitor and upload readings to app | Three times weekly | 6 | Yes | Nil mentioned |
iPhone with Healthy Circle app disease management platform with educational materials and behaviour recommendations. This could be accessed by healthcare professionals | Patient directed | ||||
Liu [25] | Emails with links to website containing diet and exercise plans, information about setting behaviour goals and self-monitoring of lifestyle behaviours. Participants able to set their own goals or select interventions | Weekly | 4 | No | Transtheoretical model |
Skolarus [27] | Home BP monitor and reminders to monitor and send readings to research team | Weekly | 6 | No | Self-determination theory |
Tailored text messaging in response to their BP measurements comparing most recent BP reading to enrolment BP | Weekly | ||||
Tailored healthy behaviour messages based on participant baseline characteristics | 1–2 times weekly (patient choice) | ||||
Generic healthy behaviour advice for BP lowering | 2–10 times weekly (patient choice) | ||||
Li [26] | Health education and promotion articles related to hypertension, followed by a short quiz, sent via WeChat | 1–2 times weekly (depending on risk group) | 6 | Yes | Self-efficacy theory |
Home blood pressure monitor and feedback on self-reported readings | Weekly | ||||
Access to WeChat group chats – able to discuss amongst participants and have private chat with researchers | Patient directed | ||||
Meurer [32] | Home blood pressure monitor and reminders to text BP readings | Weekly | 3 | No | Self-determination theory |
Text messages with healthy behaviour lifestyle interventions | Weekly | ||||
Tailored text messages depending on whether participants took anti-hypertensive medication | Weekly | ||||
Rehman [19] | Educational talk regarding lifestyle modifications during clinic visit | Once, at start of intervention | 3 | Yes | Nil mentioned |
Regular text messages with patient education for lifestyle changes | 5 times weekly | ||||
Text messages with reminders to take medication | Twice daily | ||||
Home BP monitor and reminders to monitor | Weekly | ||||
Borgstrom [28] | Text messages reminding patients to pursue healthy lifestyle change | Weekly | 6 | No | Nil mentioned |
Jahan [29] | In-person health education provided by community health workers to encourage behaviour change, and health education booklet | Twice in the first month, then monthly | 5 | Yes | Nil mentioned |
Text messages with reminders for lifestyle change | 5 times in the first month, then weekly | ||||
Lison [18] | Webpage with online modules focused on obesity and hypertension | Weekly for first 5 weeks, then biweekly | 3 | No | Nil mentioned |
Downloadable documents and videos with lifestyle change advice | Patient directed | ||||
Liu [33] | Emails with links to e-Counseling sessions to promote adherence to lifestyle change behaviours | Weekly for 4 months, then biweekly for 4 months, then monthly for 4 months | 12 | No | Prochaska’s transtheoretical model of health behaviour change |
Persell [31] | Home blood pressure monitor and reminders to input readings | Daily for 3 weeks, then weekly | 6 | No | Cognitive behavioural therapy |
App with reminders and tracking of lifestyle change | Patient directed | ||||
Still [22] | Web-based education modules with information about hypertension | Weekly for 6 weeks | 3 | Yes | Ryan and Swain’s individual and family self-management theory |
Home blood pressure monitor and tracking logs to record readings | Twice daily, twice weekly | ||||
Medication management app with SMS reminders to take medication | Patient directed | ||||
Nurse counselling sessions discussing medication adherence and BP monitoring | Once every 6 weeks | ||||
Yun [20] | ‘Smart Management Strategy for Health’ App and website, with materials to support health behaviour change and facility to create weekly plan for health management. Email reminders then sent based on their plan. | Weekly | 3 | No | 12 rules for highly effective health behaviour and health management strategies |
Kario [30] | Home blood pressure monitoring and app to upload readings. App then delivered personalised programme of lifestyle change advice | Patient directed | 3 | No | Nil mentioned |
