Table 1 Baseline characteristics of ASPREE participants included in the incident dementia analysis, by sex and tertiles (T) of standard deviation of systolic blood pressure variability.

From: Late-life, visit-to-visit blood pressure variability and its association with sex-specific long-term cognitive outcomes

 

Males, n = 7335

Females, n = 9294

 

T1, n = 2508

T2, n = 2404

T3, n = 2423

T1, n = 3121

T2, n = 3086

T3, n = 3087

Standard deviation of SBP, mean (SD)

4.23 (1.62)

9.03 (1.36)

16.56 (4.40)

4.44 (1.70)

9.39 (1.42)

17.36 (4.95)

Standard deviation of SBP, range

0–6.66

6.81–11.53

11.55–41.74

0–7.02

7.09–12.06

12.10–57.71

Baseline SBP, mmHg, mean (SD)

137.91 (13.77)

140.46 (14.82)

145.05 (17.78)

133.56 (14.48)

136.42 (15.60)

142.52 (18.67)

Baseline DBP, mmHg, mean (SD)

77.19 (8.94)

77.86 (9.33)

79.17 (10.26)

75.33 (9.51)

76.27 (9.81)

78.22 (11.04)

Baseline antihypertensive medications, n (%)

1119 (44.6)

1092 (45.4)

1370 (56.5)

1521 (48.7)

1678 (54.4)

1892 (61.3)

Average SBP over BPV estimation period, mean (SD)

137.72 (13.36)

139.43 (13.10)

141.90 (12.99)

133.29 (13.99)

135.56 (13.63)

139.65 (13.51)

ApoE genotype, n (%)

 ε4 allele present

556 (22.2)

538 (22.4)

516 (21.3)

605 (19.4)

631 (20.4)

596 (19.3)

 ε4 allele not present

1544 (61.6)

1468 (61.1)

1470 (60.7)

1902 (60.9)

1805 (58.5)

1794 (58.1)

 APOE genotype not available

408 (16.3)

398 (16.6)

437 (18.0)

614 (19.7)

650 (21.1)

697 (22.6)

Ethno-racial group, n (%)

 Australian white

2245 (89.5)

2153 (89.6)

2148 (88.7)

2670 (85.5)

2619 (84.9)

2595 (84.1)

 U.S. white

114 (4.5)

102 (4.2)

87 (3.6)

204 (6.5)

225 (7.3)

208 (6.7)

 African-American

69 (2.8)

66 (2.7)

71 (2.9)

131 (4.2)

143 (4.6)

169 (5.5)

 Hispanic/Latino

52 (2.1)

43 (1.8)

61 (2.5)

82 (2.6)

67 (2.2)

70 (2.3)

 Other

28 (1.1)

40 (1.7)

56 (2.3)

34 (1.1)

32 (1.0)

45 (1.5)

Age, y, n (%)

 65–73

1367 (54.5)

1265 (52.6)

1177 (48.6)

1703 (54.6)

1542 (50.0)

1396 (45.2)

 ≥74

1141 (45.5)

1139 (47.4)

1246 (51.4)

1418 (45.4)

1544 (50.0)

1691 (54.8)

Education y, n (%)

 <12

1099 (43.8)

1035 (43.1)

1042 (43.0)

1464 (46.9)

1387 (44.9)

1434 (46.5)

 12+

1409 (56.2)

1369 (56.9)

1381 (57.0)

1657 (53.1)

1699 (55.1)

1652 (53.5)

Alcohol use, n (%)

 Current

2099 (83.7)

2046 (85.1)

2022 (83.5)

2266 (72.6)

2231 (72.3)

2229 (72.2)

 Former

174 (6.9)

154 (6.4)

167 (6.9)

150 (4.8)

122 (4.0)

150 (4.9)

 Never

235 (9.4)

204 (8.5)

234 (9.7)

705 (22.6)

733 (23.8)

708 (22.9)

Body Mass Index, kg/m2, mean (SD)

27.93 (3.85)

27.94 (3.87)

28.12 (3.97)

28.05 (4.98)

28.05 (5.22)

28.40 (5.34)

Living alone, n (%)

482 (19.2)

458 (19.1)

519 (21.4)

1246 (39.9)

1276 (41.4)

1326 (43.0)

Current or past smoker, n (%)

1376 (54.9)

1332 (55.4)

1423 (58.7)

1080 (34.6)

1041 (33.7)

1068 (34.6)

Diabetes, n (%)

266 (10.6)

291 (12.1)

332 (13.7)

270 (8.7)

247 (8.0)

304 (9.8)

Depressive Symptoms, n (%)

181 (7.2)

178 (7.4)

181 (7.5)

358 (11.5)

320 (10.4)

348 (11.3)

Dyslipidemia, n (%)

1393 (55.5)

1328 (55.2)

1331 (54.9)

2280 (73.1)

2235 (72.4)

2285 (74.0)

Chronic Kidney Disease, n (%)

508 (21.9)

546 (24.4)

648 (28.7)

708 (24.3)

702 (24.4)

877 (30.5)

Hypertension, n (%)

1712 (68.3)

1769 (73.6)

2025 (83.6)

1983 (63.5)

2233 (72.4)

2571 (83.3)

Anti-hypertension medications, n (%) (not mutually exclusive)

 ACE inhibitors

446 (17.8)

402 (16.7)

542 (22.4)

452 (14.5)

501 (16.2)

590 (19.1)

 ARBs

492 (19.6)

550 (22.9)

677 (27.9)

764 (24.5)

871 (28.2)

1033 (33.5)

 CCBs

421 (16.8)

400 (16.6)

465 (19.2)

505 (16.2)

571 (18.5)

627 (20.3)

 Diuretics

333 (13.3)

324 (13.5)

444 (18.3)

631 (20.2)

659 (21.4)

769 (24.9)

Statin medications, n (%)

712 (28.4)

663 (27.6)

680 (28.1)

1028 (32.9)

1010 (32.7)

1084 (35.1)

Aspirin treatment assignment, n (%)

1251 (49.9)

1188 (49.4)

1193 (49.2)

1574 (50.4)

1517 (49.2)

1525 (49.4)

Pulse Pressure, mean (SD)

60.73 (12.08)

62.60 (12.37)

65.88 (14.25)

58.22 (12.89)

60.15 (13.65)

64.29 (15.23)

Heart Rate, mean (SD)

69.22 (10.36)

68.97 (11.01)

68.52 (11.13)

72.54 (9.85)

72.02 (10.21)

71.19 (10.64)

Standard deviation of heart rate variability, mean (SD)

5.36 (3.47)

5.67 (3.89)

6.16 (4.23)

5.04 (3.41)

5.25 (3.64)

5.66 (3.80)

Cognitive performance

 3MS, mean (SD)

93.18 (4.49)

92.77 (4.74)

92.85 (4.59)

94.29 (4.30)

94.22 (4.21)

94.21 (4.34)

 HVLT-R delayed recall, mean (SD)

7.32 (2.76)

7.30 (2.86)

7.24 (2.81)

8.31 (2.66)

8.35 (2.65)

8.31 (2.65)

 SDMT, mean (SD)

36.41 (9.62)

35.89 (9.85)

35.11 (9.94)

38.77 (9.80)

38.67 (9.99)

37.54 (10.09)

 COWAT, mean (SD)

11.68 (4.48)

11.48 (4.47)

11.55 (4.48)

12.62 (4.64)

12.74 (4.46)

12.65 (4.54)

  1. Diabetes defined as a self-report, fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dl, or receiving pharmacologic treatment for diabetes (regardless of fasting glucose level). Depressive symptoms defined as a 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale [23] score of ≥8. Dyslipidemia defined as serum cholesterol level of ≥212 mg per deciliter (≥5.5 mmol per liter) in Australia and ≥240 mg per deciliter ( ≥ 6.2 mmol per liter) in the United States, low-density lipoprotein level of >160 mg per deciliter (>4.1 mmol per liter), or use of a cholesterol-lowering medication. Chronic kidney disease defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 or albumin to creatinine ratio ≥3 mg/mmol. Hypertension defined as SBP ≥ 140 mmHg, DBP ≥ 90 mmHg, or receiving treatment for high BP (regardless of BP level).
  2. SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, T tertile of systolic blood pressure variability, ApoE apolipoprotein E., 3MS modified mini-mental state examination [19], HVLT-R Hopkins verbal learning test-revised [20], SDMT symbol digit modalities test [22], COMT controlled oral word association test [21].
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