Abstract
“Compassion and mercy” are important values for humanizing medicine. There are limits, however, in their ability to help resolve disputes between physicians and families regarding appropriate end-of-life care. The recent cases of Charlie Gard and Alfie Evans in England highlight the issue. The English courts resolve such conflicts by an independent assessment of a court. The American judicial system does not share the centralized system of the English courts. In the United States Federal structure some 50 state legislatures and 50 state court systems go their separate ways. The result is differing, frequently conflicting, standards. We explore possible ways to avoid court involvement in the American context for resolving such disputes within the patient-physician relationship.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Relevant articles
Open Access articles citing this article.
-
Extremely premature birth bioethical decision-making supported by dialogics and pragmatism
BMC Medical Ethics Open Access 11 February 2023
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$259.00 per year
only $21.58 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on SpringerLink
- Instant access to the full article PDF.
USD 39.95
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
References
Young, HH. Malaysia PM says caning of lesbians counter to ‘Compassion of Islam https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-09-06/malaysian-pm-says-caning-of-lesbians-counter-to-compassion-of-islam. Accessed 11 Sept 2018.
Francis P. A big heart open to god. America Mag. 2013, p. 2.
Coday, D. The field hospital church. National Catholic Reporter 2013, p. 1.
Great Ormond Street Hospital v. Yates and Gard [2017] EWHC 972 (Fam) (England and Wales High Court Family Decision), April 11, 2017, http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Fam/2017/972.h5ml. Accessed 4 Sept 2017.
Paris JJ, Ahluwalia J, Cummings BM, Moreland MP, Wilkinson DJ. The Charlie Gard case: British and American approaches to court resolution of disputes over medical decisions. J Perinatol. 2017;37:1268–71.
Clark K. Alfie’s last days: a little boy’s life and death stoked a furious debate that will not soon end. America Mag. 26 April 2018. https://www.americamagazine.org/politics-society/2018/08/04/26/alfies-last-days-little-boys-life-and-death-stoked-furious-debate-will-not-soon-end. Accessed 4 July 2018.
Gard and Others v. The United Kingdom, European Court of Human Rights. 3 July 2017, https://hudoc.echr.int/eng# {“itemid”:[“001-175359”]}. Accessed 4 Sept 2017.
Camosy C. On the Charlie Gard case, the church needs to be clear. CRUX, 3 July 2017. https://cruxnow.com/commentary/2017/07/03/charlie-gard-case-church-needs-clear-prophetic/html. Accessed 12 Aug 2017.
Dougherty MB. The Vatican’s statement on the Charlie Gard case is a disgrace. The National Review. 30 June 2017. http://www.nationalreview.com/article/449159/vatican-charlie-gard-statement-sides-state-over-family. Accessed 13 Aug 2017.
Williams TD. Pope Francis Reverses Vatican Judgment on Charlie Gard Case, siding with parents. Breitbart News, 3 July 2017 at 1. http://www.breitbart.com/london/2017/07/03/pope-francis-reverses-vatican-judgment-charlie-gard-siding-parents. Accessed 12 Sept 2017.
Bilefsky D, Chan S. Dispute oer British Baby’s fate draws in Pope and U.S. President. NY Times, 3 July 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/03/world/europe/uk-trump-pope-francis-charlie-gard.html?_r=o. Accessed 12 Sept 2017.
Clark K. The life and death of Alfie Evans. Am Mag. 2018;26:28–33.
UK Parliament, The Children’s Act 1989. Granted Royal Assent on 16 November 1989 and became an Act House of Commons, Tuesday 16 November 1989. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. 16 November 1989. col 457. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm198889/cmhansrd/1989-11-16/Debate-1.html.
Paris JJ, Graham N, Schreiber MD, Goodwin M. Has the emphasis on autonomy gone too far? Insights from dostoevsky on parental decisionmaking in the NICU. Camb Q Healthc Ethics. 2006;15:147–51.
Paris J, Bell A. Guarantee my child will be “normal” or stop all treatment. J Perinatol. 1993;13:469–72.
People V. Bennett: analytic approaches to recognizing a fundamental parental right under the ninth amendment. BYU Law Rev. 1996;186:227–34.
Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospital, 105 N. E. 92 (1914).
Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health 476 U.S. 261.
Amundsen DW. The physician’s obligation to prolong life: a medical duty without classical roots. Hastings Cent Rep. 1978;8:23–30.
Plato. The Republic, Book III (trans. Allan Bloom) 3rd ed. New York: Basic Books;1992. p. 408–26.
Great Ormond Street Hospital v. Yates and Gard [2017] EWHC 1909 (Fam) 24 July 2017. Case No. FD17P00103. https://www.judiciary.gov.uk/judgments/great-ormond-street-hospital-v-yates-and-gard-24-july-2017. Accessed 5 Sept 2017.
An NHS Trust v. MB [2006] 2 FLR 319.
Re J (A minor) (Wardship treatment) [1991] Fam 33 at p. 46.
Catechism of the Catholic Church. 2nd ed. Vatican Libreria Editrice 1992, No. 2278.
Caplan A, Cohen CB, editors. Imperiled Newborns. Hastings Cent Rep. 1987;17:5–32.
Bartholomew WG. The child-patient: do parents have the right to decide? In Spicker S, Englehardt T, Healey J, et al., editors. The law-medicine relation: a philosophical explanation. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Reidel;1981, p. 126–32.
Committee on Fetus and Newborn, American Academy of Pediatrics. Nonintervention or withdrawal of intensive care for high-risk newborns. Pediatrics 2007;119:401–3.
Thurow LC. Learning to say ‘no’. N Engl J M. 1984;311:1569–72.
Annas GH. Asking the courts to set the standard of emergency care—the case of Baby K. N Engl J Med. 1994;350:1542–4.
Paris JJ, Cummings BM, Moore MP. Brain-death,’ ‘death’ and parental refusal: the case of Jahi McMath. Camb Q Healthc Ethics. 2014;23:371–82.
Dolan CB. A personal story of representing Jahi McMath. San Francisco Examiner 2013:1.
Brain-dead: Jahi McMath’s family searches for options as life-support cut off looms. GlobalVille News at http://globalvillenews.com/tag/arthur-caplan. Accessed 17 Jan 2014.
Brain-dead florida girl will be sent home on life support. NY Times, 19 Feb 1994. http://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/19/vs/brain-dead-floridagirl. Accessed 21 Jan 2014.
Paris JJ, Bell AJ, Murphy JJ. Pediatric brain-death: dead is dead. J Perinatol. 1995;15:67–70.
Collins LM, Thomas L. Jesse loses his battle with brain tumor. Desert News http://wwwdeseretnews.com/article/595106792/Jesse-loses-his-battle-with-brain-tumor . Accessed 20 Jan 2014.
Alexander KL. Judge delays decision on removing life support. Wash Post 2008 Nov 11:B5. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-days/content/article/2008/11/18/AR2008111001408.html Accessed 20 Jan 2014.
McMath J. The California girls in life-support controversy, is now dead. Wash Post, 29 June 2018 p. 1. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/06/29/jahi-mcmath-the-calif-girl-declared-brain-dead-4-years-ago-is-taken-off-life-support/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.0c88c33e2962. Accessed 8 Oct 2018.
Shakespeare W. The Merchant of Venice Act IV, Scene 1. New York: Modern Library. p. 150–1. ISBN 978-1-58836-874-4.
Tocqueville de A. Democracy in America. New York: Bantam Classics; 2000.
Powell v. Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, 49 Misc 2nd 215, 267 N.Y.S. 2nd 450 (1965).
Schneiderman LJ, Faber-Langendon K, Jecker NS. Beyond futility to an ethics of care. Am J Med. 1994;96:110–4.
Paris JJ, Crone R, Reardon F. Physicians’ refusal of requested treatment: the case of Baby L. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:1012–5.
Helft P, Siegler M, Lantos J. The rise and fall of the futility movement. N Engl J M. 2000;343:293–6.
Hudson v. Texas Children’s Hospital 2005 WL497818 (Tex. App—Hous. (1 Dist).
Paris JJ, Billings JA, Cummings BM, Moreland MP. Howe v. MGH and Hudson v. Texas children’s hospital: two approaches to resolving family-physician disputes in end-of-life care. J Perinatol. 2006;26:726–9.
Nichols B. Hospital ends life support of baby: 1st case of its kind is against mom’s wish, in accordance with law. Morning News, 15, 2005 at A1.
Texas Health and Safety Code §166.046(a) (Vernon Supp 2002).
Paris JJ, Cummings BM, Moreland MP, Batten JN. Approaches to parental femand for non-established medical treatment: reflection on the Charlie Gard care. J Med Ethics. 2018;1–4. 10.1136/medethics-2018-104902.
Bosslet G. An official ATS/AACN/ACCP/ESICM/SCCM policy statement: responding to requests for potentially inappropriate treatments in intensive care units. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:1318–30.
Hunt SA. Taking heart-cardiac transplantation past, present and future. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:231–5. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp068048.
Bailey L, Nehisen-Connarella SL, Conception W, Jolley WB. Baboon-to-human cardiac transplantation in a neonate. JAMA. 1985;254:3321–9.
Blakeslee S. Baboon-heart implant in baby Fae in 1984 assailed as ‘wishful thinking. NY Times. 1985;12-20 ISSN 0362-4331. Accessed 10 Oct 2018.
Caulley L. A seat at the table. N Engl J Med. 2018;3179:1400–1.
Ingelfinger F. Arrogance. N Engl J Med. 1980;303:1507–1511.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Paris, J.J., Cummings, B.M. & Patrick Moore, M. Compassion and mercy are not helpful in resolving intractable family-physician conflicts on end-of-life care. J Perinatol 39, 11–17 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-018-0272-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Version of record:
Issue date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-018-0272-y
This article is cited by
-
Extremely premature birth bioethical decision-making supported by dialogics and pragmatism
BMC Medical Ethics (2023)