Table 1 Newborn demographic and health characteristics and hospital characteristics among birth hospitalizations with and without a documented COVID-19 diagnosis, Premier Healthcare Database Special COVID-19 Release, March–December 2020*.

From: Illness severity indicators in newborns by COVID-19 status in the United States, March–December 2020

Characteristics

Total (n = 701,777)

Diagnosis, n (%)

p value†

COVID-19 (n = 209)

No COVID-19 (n = 701,568)

Infant Characteristics

Sex

 Female

342,959 (48.87)

101 (48.33)

342,858 (48.87)

0.8685

 Male

357,975 (51.01)

108 (51.67)

357,867 (51.01)

 Unknown

843 (0.12)

0 (0.00)

843 (0.12)

Race/Ethnicity††

 Black, non-Hispanic

92,362 (13.16)

31 (14.83)

92,331 (13.16)

<0.0001

 Hispanic

106,281 (15.14)

57 (27.27)

106,224 (15.14)

 Other/Unknown, non-Hispanic

159,576 (22.74)

35 (16.75)

159,541 (22.74)

 White, non-Hispanic

343,558 (48.96)

86 (41.15)

343,472 (48.96)

Payor

 Medicaid

326,366 (46.51)

117 (55.98)

326,249 (46.50)

0.0082

 Private

316,414 (45.09)

72 (34.45)

316,342 (45.09)

 Self-pay, Other

58,997 (8.41)

20 (9.57)

58,977 (8.41)

Infant Health Characteristics

Gestational Age

 Full Term (37 + weeks)

637,000 (90.77)

160 (76.56)

636,840 (90.77)

<0.0001

 Preterm (<37 weeks)

64,777 (9.23)

49 (23.44)

64,728 (9.23)

  34–<37 weeks

47,837 (6.82)

26 (12.44)

47,811 (6.81)

0.0009

  <34 weeks

16,940 (2.41)

23 (11.00)

16,917 (2.41)

Small for Gestational Age

 Yes

31,356 (4.47)

6 (2.87)

31,350 (4.47)

0.2636

 No

670,421 (95.53)

203 (97.13)

670,218 (95.53)

Congenital Anomalies§

 Yes

101,235 (14.43)

33 (15.79)

101,202 (14.43)

0.5746

 No

600,542 (85.57)

176 (84.21)

600,366 (85.57)

Birth Trauma||

 Yes

28,966 (4.13)

5 (2.39)

28,961 (4.13)

0.2072

 No

672,811 (95.87)

204 (97.61)

672,607 (95.87)

Discharge Status

 Deceased/hospice

1987 (0.28)

1 (0.48)

1986 (0.28)

0.3631

 Home

681,428 (97.10)

199 (95.22)

681,229 (97.10)

 Other facility

17,703 (2.52)

9 (4.31)

17,694 (2.52)

 Other, Unknown

659 (0.09)

0 (0.00)

659 (0.09)

Hospital Characteristics

Urbanicity#

 Rural

91,211 (13.00)

25 (11.96)

91,186 (13.00)

0.6562

 Urban

610,566 (87.00)

184 (88.04)

610,382 (87.00)

U.S. Census Region

 Midwest

154,917 (22.07)

64 (30.62)

154,853 (22.07)

0.0081

 Northeast

100,466 (14.32)

25 (11.96)

100,441 (14.32)

 South

316,972 (45.17)

94 (44.98)

316,878 (45.17)

 West

129,422 (18.44)

26 (12.44)

129,396 (18.44)

  1. COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019
  2. *Premier Healthcare Database, 609 U.S. hospitals with birth hospitalizations.
  3. †P value associated with Pearson chi-square tests unless otherwise noted; significant results are bolded.
  4. ††Race and Hispanic origin were collected separately but combined for this analysis. Newborns who had unknown Hispanic origin were assumed to be non-Hispanic if race was available.
  5. Includes managed care and commercial indemnity.
  6. §Congenital anomalies include major and minor congenital malformations of eye, ear, face, neck; digestive, genitourinary, nervous system, and cardiac and circulatory congenital anomalies; musculoskeletal congenital conditions; respiratory congenital malformations; and other and unspecified congenital anomalies.
  7. ||Birth trauma includes birth injuries to the scalp, skeleton, or central or peripheral nervous system as well as intracranial laceration and hemorrhage due to birth injury.
  8. #The U.S. Census defines an urban area as a territory whose core census block groups or blocks have a population density of at least 1000 people per square mile, and surrounding census blocks have an overall density of at least 500 people per square mile. Rural areas are considered territory outside the definition of urban.
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