Fig. 5: Clinician preferences (on a 5-point Likert scale) for AI guidance modalities during neonatal video laryngoscopy.

Participants (neonatologists, n = 17; fellows, n = 5; and neonatal nurse practitioners/NICU hospitalist (NP/Hosp.), n = 9; rated four feedback modalities—voice prompts, text prompts, visual indicators, and haptic feedback—for use during neonatal intubation. Ratings reflect preferences across all clinician roles. (Source: Authors’ data).