Table 1 Participant and hospital characteristics.
From: The state of infant massage use in neonatal intensive care units
| Â | Mean (SD) or na (%) |
|---|---|
NICU level | n = 101 |
 Level II | 5 (5%) |
 Level III | 59 (58%) |
 Level IV | 37 (37%) |
Total number of beds | n = 100 |
|  | 51.1 ± 31.4 |
Years of clinical experience in NICU | n = 100 |
|  | 12.3 ± 8.7 |
Certified Neonatal Therapist (CNT) | n = 101 |
 Yes | 64 (63%) |
 No | 37 (37%) |
Use of specific program or sensory-based interventions in the NICU | n = 101 |
 Yes | 49 (49%) |
 No | 52 (51%) |
Name of sensory-based intervention or program used | n = 47 |
 Supporting and Enhancing Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Sensory Experiences (SENSE) | 45 (96%) |
 I-Rainbow | 2 (4%) |
 The ladder approach | 1 (2%) |
 Protocol developed locally | 2 (4%) |
 Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP) | 1 (2%) |
Massage used as a developmental intervention | n = 100 |
 Yes | 90 (90%) |
 No | 10 (10%) |
Infant massage is considered ‘standard of care’ developmental intervention | n = 90 |
 Yes | 64 (71%) |
 No | 26 (29%) |
Infant massage administered by | n = 101 |
 Occupational therapist | 77 (76%) |
 Physical therapist | 70 (69%) |
 Parent | 46 (46%) |
 Nurse | 25 (25%) |
 Speech-language pathologist | 16 (16%) |
 Developmental interventionist | 3 (3%) |
 Child Life Specialist | 1 (1%) |
 Music therapist | 1 (1%) |
 Other | 4 (4%) |
Received formal or informal infant massage program | n = 90 |
 Yes | 87 (97%) |
 No | 3 (3%) |
Name of training program | n = 101 |
 Neonatal touch and massage certification | 69 (63%) |
 International Loving Touch Foundation | 14 (13%) |
 Peer training | 14 (13%) |
 International association of infant massage | 7 (6%) |
 Field method | 4 (4%) |
 Hospital to Home: Optimizing the Infant’s Environment (H-HOPE); Massage+30,10,5; Auditory, Tactile, Visual, and Vestibular stimulation (ATVV) | 3 (3%) |
 Infant Massage USA, Certified Infant Massage Educator | 1 (1%) |
 LiddleKidz or Certified Infant Massage Teacher (CIMT) | 1 (1%) |
 Post-graduate fellowship training | 1 (1%) |
 Shantala Foundation | 1 (1%) |
 M-technique | 1 (1%) |
Use of a particular massage protocol | n = 90 |
 Yes | 48 (53%) |
 No | 42 (47%) |
Name of massage protocol used | n = 64 |
 International Loving Touch Foundation | 19 (21%) |
 Neonatal Touch and Massage | 13 (14%) |
 Listening Touch | 6 (7%) |
 Massage+30,10,5 | 6 (7%) |
 Infant Massage USA | 5 (6%) |
 Eclectic mix of protocols | 5 (6%) |
 International Association of Infant Massage | 3 (3%) |
 Field Method | 0 (0%) |
 M-technique | 1 (1%) |
 Yakson | 0 (0%) |
 Unstandardized | 1 (1%) |
 None of the above | 5 (6%) |
Participant’s self-reported comfort administering infant massage (scale of 1–10 with 1 not comfortable to 10 completely comfortable | n = 98 |
|  | 8.43 ± 2.25 |
(not comfortable) 1 | 1 (1%) |
2 | 4 (4%) |
3 | 1 (1%) |
4 | 2 (2%) |
5 | 4 (4%) |
6 | 4 (4%) |
7 | 4 (4%) |
8 | 14 (14%) |
9 | 17 (17%) |
(completely comfortable) 10 | 47 (48%) |
