Fig. 2: EV-derived XIST blunted myocardial pyroptosis in AF.

Detection of XIST in ASMCs culture medium (A) and in EVs (B) through qRT-PCR. C Mouse atrial tissue sections were observed under immunofluorescence microscopy. D Detection of XIST expression in mouse atrial tissue through qRT-PCR. E Detection of expression of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, and GSDMD in mouse atrial tissue through qRT-PCR. F Detection of NLRP3, ASC, cleaved-caspase-1/caspase-1, and cleaved-GSDMD/GSDMD in mouse atrial tissue through Western blot analysis. G Detection of IL-1β and IL-18 by ELISA. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001 versus sham-operated mice; #p < 0.05 versus AF mice with PBS treatment; &p < 0.05 versus AF mice with NC EV injection. Data in multiple groups were compared by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test, n = 12 per group.