Fig. 1: Schematic of electric-field-induced SHG (EFISH) from the ITO/PFO/aluminum device.

For a fundamental wave (FW) with TM-polarization, obliquely incident onto the EFISH device, the intensity of the SHG waves can be modulated by applying a DC electric field. Under oblique incidence of the FW with TM-polarization (electric field parallel to x–z plane), EFISH comes from the coupling between the electric field of the incident light and that of an applied voltage using the third-order susceptibility of PFO. The electric field of the TE (electric field of light along y-axis)-polarized FW is perpendicular to that of the applied voltage, so EFISH is also forbidden