Table 1 Effects of laser and NPs parameters during the ablation of the Ti target in a water medium in a fixed focal length of 5 cm at various target positions31

From: Fundamentals and comprehensive insights on pulsed laser synthesis of advanced materials for diverse photo- and electrocatalytic applications

Target position

Spot size (μm)

Fluence (J cm−2)

Average particle sizes (nm)

Particle size distribution (nm)

Above focus

~600

1.4

12

2–45

Focus

80

80

13

4–205

Below focus

400

0.2

9

3–75

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