Table 6 Various photocatalytic materials produced by laser-assisted techniques for the degradation of toxic pollutants
No. | Material | Morphology | Synthesis method | Solvent used | Laser parameters | Application | Efficiency | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ZnO-MWCNTs | Tubes and particles | PLAL | H2O (functionalized CNT solution) | Nd:YAG laser, λ = 1064 nm, 7 ns, 10 Hz, 100 mJ-Metal: Zn metal | Methylene blue (MB) | 80% | |
2 | Oxygen-deficient black-ZnO | Spherical | PLAL | Isopropanol | Nd: YAG laser, λ = 532 nm, 10 ns, 10 Hz, Metal: Zn powder | Rhodamine B (RhB) | 90% | |
3 | ZnO-Ag nanoparticles | Spherical | PLAL | H2O | Laser 1064 nm, 30 min, Metal: Zn plate, Ag plate | Rhodamine 6G (R6G) | 90% | |
4 | MWCNTs/Ag nanocomposite | Tubes and particles | PLAL | H2O (functionalized MWCNTs solution) | Nd:YAG laser, λ = 1064 nm, 7 ns, 10 Hz, 100 mJ- Metal: Ag-metal | 4-Nitrophenol (4-NP), MB, methyl orange (MO) | 90%, 100%, 100% | |
5 | Ag metallic nanoparticles (NPs) and Ag/Au nanocomposites | Spherical | PLAL | H2O and chloroauric acid | Nd:YAG, λ = 1064 nm, 7 ns, 10 Hz and 60 mJ, Metal: Ag plate | 4-NP | 100% | |
6 | Plasmonic ZnO/Au/g-C3N4 nanocomposites | Spherical and sheets | PLI | H2O and methanolic solution of HAuCl4·3H2O | Q-switched Nd:YAG, λ = 1064 nm, 7 ns, Metal: Zn plate | MB | 100% | |
7 | Copper NPs | Spherical, rod-like, cubes | PLAL | H2O, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, butanol, ethylene glycol, hexane, and acetonitrile | Q-switched Nd:YAG, λ = 1064 nm, 7 ns, 80 mJ pulse−1, Metal: Cu-plate | 4-NP and nitrobenzene | 100% | |
8 | ZnO:Au nanocomposites | Spherical | PLAL | ZnO colloid solution and HAuCl4.4H2O | Q-switched Nd:YAG, λ = 532 nm, 5 ns, 10 Hz, 110 mJ pulse−1, Metal: Zinc powder | Rh B | 70% | |
9 | Ag/TiO nanoparticles in PVDF membrane | Spherical | PLA | H2O | Femtosecond laser, λ = 1030 nm, 400 fs, 1 MHz, Metal: Ti foil | Oil–water separation | 97% | |
10 | WO3/MWCNTs | Spherical and tubes | PLAL | H2O (functionalized MWCNT) | Q-switched Nd:YAG, λ = 1064 nm, 7 ns, 10 Hz, 80 mJ pulse−1, Metal: Tungsten | 4-NP | 100% | |
11 | PVA/AgNPs | Spherical | PLAL | PVA solution | Nd:YAG, λ = 1064 nm, 7 ns, 10 Hz, 75 mJ pulse−1, Metal: Ag plate | 4-NP | 100% | |
12 | g-C3N4–CdS | Spherical and sheets | PLAL | H2O | Nd:YAG, λ = 532 nm, 9 ns, 10 Hz, 350 mJ pulse−1, Metal: g-C3N4–CdS mixture | MB and Rh B | 100% and 60% | |
13 | TiO2 core-shell microspheres | Spherical | PLAL | H2O | Nd:YAG, λ = 355 nm, 3.6 ns, 20 Hz, 120 mJ pulse−1, Metal: Aqueous TiO2 powder | MB | 99% | |
14 | WO3-rGO | Spherical and sheets | PLAL | H2O | λ = 355 nm, 0.8 nm, 280 mJ pulse−1, Metal: aqueous solution of WO3 | MB | 78% | |
15 | WO3-nCdS | Spherical and sheets | PLAL | H2O | Nd:YAG, λ = 532 nm, 5 ns, 10 Hz, 350 mJ pulse−1, Metal: WO3-CdS mixture | MB | 100% | |
16 | ZnO/Au/Pd | Spherical | PLAL | Methanol | Q-switched Nd:YAG, λ = 1064 nm, 7 ns, 10 Hz, 90 mJ pulse−1, Metal: Zn metal plate | MB | 100% | |
17 | FeS particles | Needle-like/sheet-like | PLI | H2O or ethanol | Nd:YAG, λ = 355 nm, 6 ns, 10 Hz, Metal: FeS pellet | MB | 73% | |
18 | CeO2/Ce2O3 nanohybrid | Spherical | PLAL | H2O | Nd:YAG, λ = 355 nm, 10 ns, 10 Hz, 180 mJ pulse−1, Metal: aqueous CeO2 | MB | 25% | |
19 | Ag/ZnO | Spherical | PLAL | Ethanol | Nd:YAG, λ = 532 nm, 8 ns, 10 Hz, 180 mJ pulse−1, Metal: ethanolic mixture of Ag and ZnO | MB | 100% | |
20 | Ag nanocluster | Spherical | PLAL | H2O | 120 fs pulsed laser, Metal: Ag disk in water | MB | 79% | |
21 | ZnO nanostructure | Particles/rods/flowers | PLAL-H | H2O | Nd:YAG, λ = 532 nm, 8 ns, 10 Hz, Metal: metallic Zn plate | MB | 97.4% | |
22 | SiC–TiO2 nanocomposite | Irregular | PLAL | H2O | Nd:YAG, λ = 532 nm, 6 ns, 10 Hz, 350 mJ pulse−1, Metal: TiO2 and SiC nanoparticles | MO | 77% | |
23 | ZnO/TiO2 nanocomposite | Spherical particles and rods | PLAL | H2O | Nd:YAG, λ = 532 nm, 6 ns, 10 Hz, 350 mJ pulse−1, Metal: TiO2 nanoparticles and ZnO nanorods | MO | 100% | |
24 | TiO2/CdS nanocomposite | Spherical particles | PLAL | H2O | Nd:YAG, λ = 532 nm, 8 ns, 10 Hz, 350 mJ pulse−1, Metal: TiO2 and CdS mixture | MO | 82% | |
25 | Au–CoFe2O4 and Au–SrTiO3 | Spherical | PLAL | H2O | KrF (k = 248 nm) excimer laser, Metal: CoFe 2O 4 and SrTiO 3 | Rh B and MO | 60% and 80% | |
26 | SnOx nanoparticles | Spherical | PLAL | H2O | Nd:YAG, λ = 1064 nm, 6 ns, 10 Hz, 100 mJ pulse−1, Metal: SnOx nanoparticles | MO and potassium dichromate | 100% and 100% | |
27 | MoS2/Black TiO2 | Spherical and sheets | PLAL | H2O | Nd:YAG, λ = 355 nm, 3.6 ns, 20 Hz, 25 mJ pulse−1, Metal: TiO2 powder | Arsenite photooxidation | 96% | |
28 | TiO2–ZSM5–MoS2, | Spherical and sheets | PLAL and microwave | H2O | Nd:YAG, λ = 1064 nm, 3.6 ns, 20 Hz, 180 mJ pulse−1, Metal: MoS2 powder | Arsenite oxidation | 100% | |
29 | Au-Pd@g-C3N4 | Spherical and sheets | PLAL | H2O | Nd:YAG, λ = 1064 nm, 300 mJ pulse−1, Metal: gold plate and aqueous PdCl2 | Benzene-to-Phenol Conversion | 98% | |
30 | Cu-20 min/a-C3N4 | Spherical and sheets | PLAL | H2O | Q-switched Nd:YAG, λ = 1064 nm, 5 ns, 350 mJ pulse–1, Metal: Copper | Oxidation of cyclohexane to the ketone-alcohol | 88% |
