Fig. 2

The experimental results of non-interaction oscillation. a The amplitudes of the OEPO output and the ADC measurement as functions of the cavity small-signal gain. b The oscillating microwave pulses centered at 10 GHz (blue curve), along with the corresponding demodulated baseband waveforms (red curve). c The histogram shows the frequency of normalized peaks of the demodulated baseband pulses. The obvious distinction between positive and negative baseband pulses suggests that microwave pulses oscillate with a relative phase of either 0 or π. This binary phase oscillation is used to represent the Ising spin. d The histogram shows the frequency of the ratio of positive pulses to negative pulses in 100 tests. Each test restarted from the noise state to the stable state. e The autocorrelation of the pulse peaks. Inset: zoomed-in view of the area of the red dashed rectangle. The peaks repeat each 25,600-bit delay, indicating that the optoelectronic cavity stores 25,600 microwave pulses. The flat peaks suggest that the OEPO operates stably