Fig. 5: Perocskite LEDs based on Ln3+ ion-doped CsPbCl3 PeNCs.

a Structure of LED based on PeNCs without and with passivation. Schematic illustrates that CP could passivate defects, in which the defects may trap carriers (e.g., holes and electrons), decrease exciton recombination, and hence degrade the device performances. b The possible EL mechanisms for the LEDs based on Ln3+ doped PeNCs. c Current density and luminance, d EQE-V curves of LEDs based on Ln3+ ion-doped CsPbCl3 PeNCs