Scheme 1

a The structure model of Ln3+ ions doped CsPbCl3 PeNCs. b Schematic and energy-level diagrams of the Ln3+ ion-doped CsPbCl3 LED configuration. c Simplified energy-level diagram of Ln3+ ion PL process. d The PL spectra for the various Ln3+ ions doped CsPbCl3 PeNCs. e The EL spectra for the LEDs based on various Ln3+ ions doped CsPbCl3 PeNCs