Fig. 5: 12.5-Gfps LS-CUP imaging of elastic light scattering (ELS) of soot particles.

Reconstructed spatiotemporal dynamics of the ELS signal at height h1: a 3D representation; b selected snapshots. Scale bar in b: 2 mm. There are totally 200 frames. c Average scattering intensity along the y direction and the sixth power of average soot particle size, indicating the evidence of Rayleigh and non-Rayleigh scattering regimes at different heights of the flame due to different primary particle sizes. Inset: scattered plot of the fitting root mean square error of ELS against power exponent. d Relative soot aggregate size, D, based on the ratio between the intensities in the scattering and LII images at time 0. e Relative average number of monomers in one cluster, Np, based on D and primary soot particle size dp in Fig. 3f