Table 1 Summary of super-resolution chemical microscopies, including near-field and far-field techniques
Method | Diffraction limited resolution | Resolution achieved | Imaging speed | Near-field or far-field | Applications | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AFM-IR or IR-sSNOM | 3-30 μm | 20-100 nm | – | Near-field | Stiffness map and IR absorption map of microbiology, cellular biology and nanophotonics | |
Scanning confocal MIP | 5.1 μm | 610 nm (λ/9.2) | 134 s/100 μm × 100 μm | 3D, Far-field | Living Cells; Drug distribution in cells | |
iSCAT-MIP | 4.4 μm | 510 nm (λ/11.3) | 0.8 ms/frame | 2D, Far-field | PMMA film; Living Cells | |
DH-MIP | 8 μm | 860 nm | 1 s/100 μm × 100 μm | 2D, Far-field | Polystyrene and porous silica beads | |
ODT-MIP | 3.8 μm | LR: 380 nm AR: 2.3 μm | 12.5 min/100 μm × 100 μm | 3D, Far-field | Cells | |
IDT-MIP | 4.6 μm | LR: 350 nm AR: 1.1 μm | ~20 s/100 μm × 100 μm | 3D, Far-field | Cells | |
UV-localized MIP by PA sensing | 3.9 μm | 260 nm (λ/13.5) | ~1500 s/100 μm × 100 μm | Far-field | Cells; Mouse brain slices | |
PEARL | 5.0 μm | 120 nm (λ/50.5) | – | Far-field | Cells | |
STED-TA | 345 nm | 250 nm (λ/3.3) | ~0.64 s/100 μm × 100 μm | Far-field | Graphite; Nanoplatelets | |
STED-TA | 858 nm | 90 nm (λ/10) | – | Far-field | Single-Layer Graphene folding and defects | |
STED-TA | 453 nm | 36 nm (λ/25) | – | Far-field | Graphene nano-wrinkles | |
DPP-TA | 161 nm | 60 nm (λ/7.5) | 214 s-3200 s /100 μm × 100 μm | Far-field | Copper interconnections in CPU chips; Single-walled carbon nanotube; Boundary artifacts on monolayer graphene | |
Nonlinear differential TA | 380 nm | 185 nm (λ/3.7) | – | Far-field | CdSe nanobelts | |
SI-TA | 223 nm | 114 nm (λ/5) | – | Far-field | Silicon nanowire | |
Near-field Raman | 450 nm | Sub-10 nm | – | Near-field | Carbon nanotubes | |
Visible CARS/SRS | 240 nm | 130 nm (λ/3.5) | 140 s–640 s/100 μm × 100 μm | Far-field | Polymer beads; Neurons; Cells, Brain tissue section | |
SLI-Raman | 495 nm | 275 nm (λ/2.1) | 100 min/28.6 μm × 44.3 μm | Far-field | Polymer beads; Carbon materials; Brain slice | |
SI-Raman | 190 nm | 80 nm (λ/6.7) | >9 s/32 μm × 32 μm | Far-field | Carbon nanotubes; Graphene | |
SI-SERS | 370 nm | 89 nm (λ/5.3) | – | Near-field illumination and far-field detection | Cells | |
Saturated-SRS | 377 nm | 255 nm (λ/3.6) | ~2.5 s/100 μm × 100 μm | Far-field | Living cells | |
HO-CARS | 328 nm | 196 nm (λ/2.8) | Far-field | Cells |  | |
SMLM-SERS | 347 nm | 10-30 nm (λ/17.7-λ/66) | ~150 s/8 μm × 6.4 μm | Near-field illumination and far-field detection | Collagen fibers; Cells | |
Depletion-Raman | 1.37 μm | 0.93 μm (λ/0.8) | – | Far-field | Diamond | |
ExM-SRS | 382 nm | 78 nm (λ/10) | – | Far-field | Cells |
