Fig. 3: 4K metasurface-embedded PI-LCoS device and its critical characteristics.

a Photograph of the fabricated 4 K LCoS device (4160 × 2464 pixels), in which half of the area (4160 × 1232 pixels with 3.74 μm pixel size) as indicated in the black dashed box has embedded metasurface, so that performance of the PI-LCoS (area with metasurface) and original LCoS (area without metasurface) can be compared. An enlarged scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the nanoantenna array is presented on the right. b Measured PCR performance of the PI-LCoS before and after LC packaging. Measured reflectivity (c) and phase response (d) of the original LCoS with 0° (LC alignment direction) linear-polarized incident light and PI-LCoS with both 0° and 90° linear-polarized incident light. The amount of phase shift in the original LCoS is halved for better comparison with that of the PI-LCoS