Table 1 Comparison of the related metasurfaces for THz beam steering
From: Real-time programmable metasurface for terahertz multifunctional wave front engineering
References | Control Way/Mode | Frequency (THz) | Element number | Element size | Response speed | Measured beam angles | Beam-scanning precision | Other demonstrated functions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ref. 14 (2020) | Liquid crystal /Reflection | 0.672 | 24 × 50 | 0.38λ | 100 Hz | 8.5°, 13.5°, 31.5° | N/A | N/A |
Ref. 15 (2021) | Liquid crystal /Transmission | 0.462 | 48 × 48 | 0.49λ | 1 kHz | −9°, −15°, −29° 9°, 16°, 30° | N/A | N/A |
Ref. 27 (2022) | Vanadium dioxide /Reflection | 0.425 | 48 × 90 | 0.23λ | 0.38 Hz | 0°, 13°, 18°, 22°, 29°, 43° | N/A | N/A |
Ref. 48 (2019) | HEMT-CMOS /Reflection | 0.235 | 32 × 32 | 0.55λ | 500 MHz | −40°, −20°, 0°, 20°, 40° | N/A | N/A |
Ref. 17 (2020) | 65nm-CMOS /Transmission | 0.3 | 24 × 24 | 0.14λ | 5 GHz | −30°, 0°, 30° | N/A | Holographic imaging |
Ref. 18 (2022) | 25nm-CMOS /Reflection | 0.265 | 98 × 98 | 0.5λ | 100 kHz | ±60° | 1° | Scanning imaging |
This work | GaN HEMT /Reflection | 0.34 | 64 × 64 | 0.23λ | 100 MHz | 20°–60° | 1° | Multi-beam steering Diffuse scattering Tracking transmission |
