Table 1 Characteristics of study participants

From: Opening a window to skin biomarkers for diabetes stage with optoacoustic mesoscopy

 

Participants with diabetes mellitus (DM) (95)

Participants with DM and no complications (45)

Participants with DM, neuropathy and no ASCVD (25)

Participants with DM, neuropathy and ASCVD (25)

Healthy volunteers (48)

P-value

Age (years)

68 ± 12

63 ± 19

70 ± 10

76 ± 7

64 ± 13

ns

Disease duration (years)

20 ± 16

12 ± 11

27 ± 17

23 ± 16

0

ns

Sex (male/female)

42/56

24/19

9/18

6/19

27/21

n/a

BMI (kg/m²)

27 ± 8

27 ± 6

30 ± 8

28 ± 4

26 ± 7

ns

Diabetes type (1/2)

21/74

7/36

11/14

3/22

n/a

n/a

NSS

4 ± 4

0

4 ± 4

7 ± 2

n/a

n/a

NDS

4 ± 4

0

4 ± 4

6 ± 3

n/a

n/a

HbA1ca (%)

7.1 ± 1.1

7.1 ± 1.6

7.2 ± 0.7

6.9 ± 0.9

n/a

n/a

  1. Data is presented as the mean ± SD unless stated otherwise. Participants with diabetes (n = 95) were further divided into three subgroups: Participants with DM and no complications [n = 45, participants with diabetes, but without neuropathy and without atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)]; Participants with DM, neuropathy, and no ASCVD (n = 25, participants with diabetic neuropathy and without ASCVD); Participants with DM, neuropathy and ASCVD [n = 25, participants with diabetic neuropathy and ASCVD/PAD]
  2. DM diabetes mellitus, ASCVD atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, PAD peripheral arterial disease, BMI Body Mass Index, NSS Neuropathy Symptom Score, NDS Neuropathy Disability Score, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, ns not statistically significant, n/a not applicable
  3. aHbA1c values were not recorded for the 27 participants with diabetes and without complications
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