Fig. 1: Operating principle of E2E-BPF microscopy.

An axi-symmetric BPF and image reconstruction network are jointly learned through the physics-informed neural network. The numerical phantom of an Arabidopsis thaliana in three-dimension space was considered. The learned BPF is fabricated and inserted in a pupil plane in an optical microscope, which produces projected volumetric image over the extended depth range. The acquired image is subsequently fed into the jointly learned reconstruction network to generate high-resolution, high-contrast image over the extended DoF. OBJ microscope objective; NA numerical aperture; TL tube lens; CAM camera