Fig. 1: Overview of rFRC mapping and PANEL pinpointing.

a The workflow of the rFRC map. Step 1, the symmetrically padded (gray pixels) two input images are clipped to small subsets for FRC calculation. The center pixel with an intensity lower than the background threshold will be skipped; otherwise, the following Steps 2–5 will be executed. Steps 2–3, FRC calculation, ring correlation in Fourier domain (Step 2), and FRC resolution determination (Step 3). Step 4, assign the obtained FRC resolutions to the corresponding center pixels. Step 5, assemble the final rFRC map and render it with the corresponding color map. b PANEL pinpointing. To highlight regions with low reliability, the rFRC map with values under the Otsu-determined threshold; and the normalized RSM (see also Supplementary Fig. S4) with values under 0.5 will be filtered. Its abstract version can be seen in Supplementary Fig. S1