Fig. 1: Schematic and experimental results of the electro-microfluidic assembly of particles display (eMAPD).

a 3D schematic of the eMAPD working principle. b Schematic of the detailed device structures and materials of a pixel. c Drawings (top row) and experimental photographs (bottom row) of the representative states of a display pixel. States I, II, and III denote the three main states of the particle distribution in a water droplet sitting on the floor, surrounding at the equator, and floating on the ceiling. States I′ and II′ correspond to the representative intermediate transition states from States I to II and from States II to III, respectively. Optical images were taken under a light transmission mode. Scale bar, 100 μm