Fig. 5: Half-pixel particle assembly phenomenon in eMAPD.

a Magnified photograph showing the half-pixel particle assembly performance. Scale bar, 1.5 mm. b Schematic of the particle assembly in half-pixel with single semi-elliptical electrode pixel design. The gray values of the pixels were acquired from the grayscale image converted from a color image containing two columns of pixels. Each data represents the mean value of the area covered with 9 rows of pixels