Fig. 3: Structure of the triple-lattice photonic-crystal surface-emitting laser (PCSEL).

a Schematic of the PCSEL structure. b Top-view scanning electron microscope image of the triple-lattice photonic-crystal resonator. c Cross-sectional SEM image of the resonator along AA’ in b after epitaxial regrowth. d The refractive index profile with the corresponding optical field distribution along the crystal growth direction. e Images of the laser chip bounded to a thermally conductive submount with p-side down. The inset shows the p-side of the laser chip