Fig. 5: Phase measurement accuracy as a function of measurement error.
From: Metalenses phase characterization by multi-distance phase retrieval

a Phase retrieval in the presence of uncertainty in the δz of the translation stage position. b The measured results are superimposed with the CCD noise over the ideal intensity distribution. c MSE with the error of translation distance of displacement stage. d MSE with the error of intensity measurement. noise level is the ratio of intensity measurement noise level to intensity of incident uniform plane light