Fig. 14

Diffractive optical neural network (DONN) designed based on metasurface with a CMOS chip substrate. a High neuron density DONN manufactured based on two-photon nanolithography technology109. b Polarization multiplexing DONN based on metasurface design112. a Reproduced from ref. 109 with permission of Springer Nature: Light: Science & Applications. b Reproduced from ref. 112 with permission of Springer Nature: Light: Science & Applications