Fig. 5: Demonstration of QDS.

a An illustration of OTUH-QDS based on the experimental results. A picture including the school emblems of Nanjing University, Guangxi University, and Renmin University of China with a size of 1,882,368 bits (258 × 304 × 3 × 8 red green blue (RGB) color code) is signed. b The procedure of signing the same document as in (a) based on scheme in ref. 34. c Comparison of two schemes on distance, signature length and average time consumption. The green represents this work and purple represents that in ref. 34