Fig. 2: Defect passivation of QDs by [BMIM]OTF.
![Fig. 2: Defect passivation of QDs by [BMIM]OTF.](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41377-025-01959-y/MediaObjects/41377_2025_1959_Fig2_HTML.png)
a–c DFT calculation for binding energy and differential charge density image of QDs. d Comparison of binding energies between different ligands for QDs. e XPS spectra of Pb-4f. f, g FTIR spectrum of C=N and -SO3− binding bond vibration. h, i Voltage–current density diagram of hole-only and electron-only devices. j Calculated trap density of control and [BMIM]OTF-3 devices. k TREL falling edge of devices