Fig. 5

Technical roadmap for integrating monitoring and treatment in future phototherapy devices. a Selecting appropriate soft substrates based on specific clinical applications (e.g., textile^13,34, hydrogel⁷⁰, polymer³⁶). b Fabrication of the conductive layer utilizing low-temperature processing techniques^90,93,172. c Fabrication methods for soft emissive component: laser-induced transfer for micro-LED^31,62,133, spin coating⁶⁰ or thermal evaporation¹⁷³ for OLED. d Soft thin-film encapsulation using atomic layer deposition¹³⁵. e Novel power supply methods: microbatteries⁷¹, flexible batteries¹²⁰, wireless power supply¹⁷⁴, and triboelectric nanogenerator¹²³. f Feasible strategies for integrating phototherapy devices with sensors^79,140. g Overall operational logic of future phototherapy devices. Figure 5, created with BioRender.com, released under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International license