Fig. 3: Four influencing factors of OAM operator enabled holography.
From: OAM multiplication operator enabled holographic multiplexing
a Topological charge of the incident FOAM beam TC. Reconstructed images under TC deviations exhibit distortion (e.g., s-shape for TC = 1 and doughnut-shape for TC = −3/2) compared to the Gaussian-shape pixels at TC = 3/2. b Transformation scaling factor n. Using mismatched values of n (e.g., n = 3 or n = 4) degrades each pixel into low-intensity and noise-like distribution. c Propagation distance d. A minor offset of Δd = 0.1 cm renders the letter ''C” unrecognizable, while Δd = 0.5 cm erases all structural information. d Correction phase Q. Substituting the correct phase Qc (designed for TC = 3/2, n = 2, d = 1 cm) with mismatched Qwr (TC = 4/3, n = 3, d = 1 cm) or random Qrand phases leads to blurred or fully scrambled speckle patterns, respectively. Typical intensity profiles of individual pixels under each parameter condition are labeled
