Fig. 2: Devices operating in pulsed electrochemiluminescence (ECL) mode.

a Shape of biphasic voltage sequence applied to an ECLD that operates based on an exciplex formation and energy transfer process, and response in current and optical power density (OPD). The bottom graph schematically shows the concentration of TAPC⁺ and TPBi^- ions near the electrode surface during the biphasic pulse. TAPC⁺ and TPBi^- ions form exciplexes in the second half of the pulse (time > 0), and subsequently transfer their energy to TBRb emitter molecules. b ECL and c current responses to biphasic pulses of different peak voltages (V) and with a fixed duration of 1 ms. Charging time constant (τ) for the second phase is 1.05 × 10⁻⁴s. d ECL and e current responses for different widths (t) at a fixed voltage of 7 V. Inset in (e) shows the linear correlation between the response time and the full-charging time (3.2τ). f Prolonged operation at a frequency of 10 Hz and at various voltages. Triangles represent the time points for LT₅₀. g Mean OPD and mean luminance, h LT₅₀ lifetime values of ECLDs given as the number of pulses and as the time at continuous 10 Hz operation for different peak voltages and pulse widths. Each data point is based on 4 to 6 replications, with error bars representing standard deviations