Fig. 3: Demonstration of the 3D vectorial holography using a beam array with different longitudinal intensity profiles and rotating linear polarization state.

a, b The simulated and the experimentally measured transverse intensity distributions at designated axial planes generated by (a) the first and (b) the second metasurface. Scale bars: 100 μm. The target axial intensity response functions (the blue lines), the simulated (the yellow dashed lines), and the experimentally measured intensity profiles (the red dashed lines) of the beam marked by the white circles are attached below. The abbreviation “Exp” has the full name of “Experiment”. c, d The experimentally measured intensity distributions around the center beams (as highlighted in (a, b)) in the x-z plane after transmission through different polarizers, which is depicted by the white arrow. e, f The target (the blue lines) and experimentally measured (the red dots) normalized Stokes parameters of the beam highlighted in (a, b) as functions of z. The Stokes trajectory on the Poincaré sphere is plotted based on Stokes vectors (S₁, S₂, S₃)^T, confirming continuous rotation of linear polarization