Fig. 4: Electrochemical performance comparison among SEP-MSCU, SEP-MSCPL, and SEP-MSCPP devices.

a, b CV curves of SEP-MSCPL and SEP-MSCPP at different scan rates. The red and green arrows in inserts represent the direction of grating and applied electric field, respectively. c Comparative CV curves of SEP-MSCU, SEP-MSCPL, and SEP-MSCPP at various scan rates. d, e GCD curves of SEP-MSCPL and SEP-MSCPP under different current densities. f Volume-specific capacitance comparison of SEP-MSCU, SEP-MSCPL, and SEP-MSCPP at varying scan rates. g, h CV and GCD performance of SEP-MSCPL, respectively, in series and parallel configurations. i Electrochemical stability measurements of SEP-MSCPL performed at a current density of 3.64 μA cm−2