Table 2 ASD-like molecular, cellular, anatomical and behavioral abnormalities in MIA models
From: The ASD Living Biology: from cell proliferation to clinical phenotype
Human development | Abnormalities induced by MIA and associated with ASD |
|---|---|
1st–2nd Trimester | Upregulated cell cycle and downregulated migration and neurite outgrowth gene expression |
Cortical layering: over-production of neurons, increased cortical thickness, focal cortical dysplasia | |
Cerebellar vermis dysplasia | |
2nd–3rd Trimester | Microglia: enhanced priming, activation |
Dendritic morphology abnormalities | |
GABAergic signaling, excitatory/inhibitory imbalance, number of interneurons | |
3rd Trimester—post-natal | White matter neuron density |
Dendritic spines number and turnover rates | |
Synaptic pruning and proteins | |
Post-natal | Early brain overgrowth |
Myelin functionality and stability | |
Dopamine system | |
Serotonin levels | |
ASD-like abnormal social, vocalization, and ritualistic behaviors | |
Gender-dependent effects | |
Transgenerational effects |
