Table 1 Characteristics of HANDLS study participants by sex, race and EDS status [based on CES-D score (mean across waves)] ^a

From: Systemic inflammation is associated with depressive symptoms differentially by sex and race: a longitudinal study of urban adults

	Sex		P^b	Race		P^b	EDS status		P^b
	Men	Women	Men vs. women	Whites	African-Americans	Whites vs. African-Americans	EDS⁻	EDS⁺	EDS⁻ vs. EDS⁺
%
Depressive Symptoms	(n = 776)	(n = 988)		(n = 764)	(n = 1,000)		(n = 1,024)	(n = 740)
CES-D, Mean ± SEM	14.1 ± 0.3	16.3 ± 0.3	< 0.001	15.5 ± 0.4	15.1 ± 0.3	0.40	8.1 ± 0.1	25.3 ± 0.3	< 0.001
Systemic inflammation markers	(n = 776)	(n = 988)		(n = 764)	(n = 1,000)		(n = 1,024)	(n = 740)
High sensitivity C-reactive protein, mg/dL	4.2 ± 0.4	5.7 ± 0.3	0.003	4.4 ± 0.2	5.5 ± 0.4	0.035	4.6 ± 0.3	5.7 ± 0.5	0.027
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR	12.0 ± 0.5	20.0 ± 0.5	< 0.001	13.1 ± 0.5	19.0 ± 0.6	< 0.001	15.5 ± 0.5	17.6 ± 0.6	0.008
Serum albumin	4.35 ± 0.01	4.23 ± 0.01	< 0.001	4.35 ± 0.01	4.24 ± 0.01	< 0.001	4.30 ± 0.01	4.26 ± 0.01	0.004
Serum iron	93.3 ± 1.4	77.5 ± 1.2	< 0.001	90.0 ± 1.4	80.1 ± 1.2	< 0.001	86.7 ± 1.2	81.4 ± 1.4	0.004
Inflammation composite score, z-score	−0.40 ± 0.05	+ 0.31 ± 0.04	< 0.001	−0.30 ± 0.04	+ 0.23 ± 0.04	< 0.001	−0.11 ± 0.04	+ 0.15 ± 0.05	< 0.001
Cytokines, pg/ml	(n = 52)	(n = 98)		(n = 37)	(n = 113)		(n = 79)	(n = 71)
IL-1β	1.77 ± 0.38	1.72 ± 0.27	0.91	1.62 ± 0.52	1.77 ± 0.24	0.76	1.46 ± 0.25	2.03 ± 0.36	0.19
IL-6	16.7 ± 2.7	13.1 ± 1.3	0.19	14.0 ± 2.6	14.5 ± 1.5	0.86	11.4 ± 1.3	17.7 ± 2.2	0.014
IL-10	3.1 ± 0.8	2.3 ± 0.3	0.24	3.5 ± 0.7	2.3 ± 0.4	0.13	2.26 ± 0.34	2.98 ± 0.58	0.27
IL-12	1.52 ± 0.56	0.86 ± 0.14	0.15	1.3 ± 0.4	1.0 ± 0.3	0.61	0.89 ± 0.18	1.30 ± 0.41	0.35
IL-18	156.9 ± 14.6	174.2 ± 18.8	0.54	147.5 ± 12.8	174.9 ± 17.1	0.37	146.6 ± 9.2	192.3 ± 25.9	*0.084*
Sociodemographic characteristics	(n = 776)	(n = 988)		(n = 764)	(n = 1,000)		(n = 1,024)	(n = 740)
Age (y), Mean ± SEM	48.6 ± 0.3	48.7 ± 0.3	0.90	48.9 ± 0.3	48.5 ± 0.3	0.42	49.0 ± 0.3	48.2 ± 0.3	*0.08*
Sex, % men	__	__		43.2	44.6	0.55	46.7	36.0	< 0.001
African-American, %	55.7	56.1	0.56	__	__		56.5	56.9	0.89
Education, %			0.29			< 0.001			< 0.001
<HS	7.7	5.9		9.2	4.8		5.8	8.0
HS	58.3	57.7		52.1	62.4		52.9	64.9
>HS	34.0	36.3		38.7	32.7		41.3	27.0
Missing	0.0	0.1		0.0	0.1		0.0	0.1
PIR ≥ 125%, %	61.5	56.1	0.022	67.4	51.6	< 0.001	64.8	49.6	< 0.001
Employed, %			0.022
Yes	48.6	43.0		44.5	46.2	< 0.001	53.6	34.2	< 0.001
Missing	19.9	19.3		27.5	13.5		18.9	20.5
Lifestyle and health-related factors
Current smoking status, %			< 0.001			0.14			< 0.001
Currently smoking	51.9	42.0		48.4	43.7		40.3	54.7
Missng	0.6	1.2		1.0	0.9		0.8	1.2
Current use of illicit drugs, %			< 0.001			< 0.001	45.3	49.9	0.17
Used any type	60.8	36.5		41.1	51.9		1.7	1.5
Missing	1.4	1.7		1.4	1.7
	(n = 776)	(n = 988)		(n = 764)	(n = 1,000)		(n = 1,024)	(n = 740)
Body mass index, kg/m²; Mean ± SEM	28.1 ± 0.2	31.5 ± 0.3	< 0.001	30.2 ± 0.3	29.8 ± 0.2	0.38	29.9 ± 0.2	30.1 ± 0.3	0.54
Co-morbid conditions and NSAIDs	(n = 776)	(n = 988)		(n = 764)	(n = 1,000)		(n = 1,024)	(n = 740)
Diabetes, %	13.4	15.1	0.32	14.7	14.1	0.74	12.7	16.6	0.020
Hypertension, %	37.0	41.9	0.036	33.6	44.4	< 0.001	36.4	44.3	0.001
Dyslipidemia, %	25.8	27.0	0.55	31.8	22.4	< 0.001	24.9	28.7	*0.08*
Cardiovascular disease^d, %	11.9	14.9	*0.07*	10.1	16.2	< 0.001	11.5	16.4	0.003
Inflammatory conditions^e, %	9.5	18.6	< 0.001	14.8	14.5	0.86	12.7	17.3	0.007
NSAIDS^f, %	21.3	20.8	0.79	21.3	20.7	0.75	20.4	21.8	0.49
Dietary factors, daily intakes	(n = 776)	(n = 988)		(n = 764)	(n = 1,000)		(n = 1,024)	(n = 740)
Energy, kcal	2,324 ± 39	1,739 ± 24	< 0.001	2,015 ± 33	1,981 ± 31	0.46	2,043 ± 30	1,931 ± 35	0.015
Total carotenoids, mg/1,000 kcal	3,698 ± 157	4,058 ± 144.8	*0.09*	4,099 ± 163	3,743 ± 140	0.10	4,163 ± 143	3,529 ± 158	0.003
Vitamin A, RE/1,000 kcal	316.6 ± 20.4	342.1 ± 18.6	0.36	306.1 ± 8.3	349.9 ± 23.4	0.12	329.7 ± 15.6	332.6 ± 24.7	0.92
Vitamin C, mg/1,000 kcal	36.3 ± 1.4	40.6 ± 1.4	0.032	33.9 ± 1.3	42.4 ± 1.4	< 0.001	40.2 ± 1.2	36.6 ± 1.7	*0.07*
Vitamin E, mg/1,000 kcal	3.10 ± 0.06	3.45 ± 0.07	0.0003	3.4 ± 0.1	3.2 ± 0.1	*0.08*	3.44 ± 0.07	3.10 ± 0.07	< 0.001
Vitamin B-6,mg/1,000 kcal	0.93 ± 0.02	0.91 ± 0.01	0.30	0.93 ± 0.02	0.90 ± 0.01	0.25	0.95 ± 0.02	0.87 ± 0.01	< 0.001
Vitamin B-12, μg/1,000 kcal	3.28 ± 0.21	3.01 ± 0.19	0.35	2.8 ± 0.1	3.4 ± 0.2	0.043	3.1 ± 0.2	3.2 ± 0.2	0.79
Folate, μg/1,000 kcal	181.6 ± 3.6	186.7 ± 3.1	0.28	198.3 ± 3.7	173.8 ± 2.9	< 0.001	188.5 ± 3.2	178.8 ± 3.4	0.039
n3 PUFA:n6 PUFA ratio^c	0.114 ± 0.003	0.114 ± 0.002	0.89	0.116 ± 0.002	0.112 ± 0.002	0.27	0.116 ± 0.002	0.111 ± 0.001	0.12
Healthy Eating Index-2010	41.8 ± 0.4	43.4 ± 0.4	0.004	30.2 ± 0.3	29.8 ± 0.2	0.38	44.1±0.4	40.6±0.4	<0.001

AA arachidonic acid, ALA α-linolenic acid, CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale, DHA Docosahexaenoic acid, DPA docosapentaenoic acid, EPA eicosapentaenoic acid, HANDLS Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity Across the Lifespan, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HS high school, IL interleukin, LA linoleic acid; n3 omega-3, n6 omega-6, NSAIDS non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, PIR poverty income ratio, PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids, SEM standard error of the mean, TC total cholesterol
^aValues are percent or Mean ± SEM or % ± SE
^bP value was based on independent samples t-test when row variable is continuous and χ² test when row variable is categorical
^cn3 PUFA included DHA + EPA + n3DPA + ALA. n6 PUFA included AA + LA
^dCardiovascular disease include self-reported stroke, congestive heart failure, non-fatal myocardial infarction or atrial fibrillation
^eInflammatory conditions include multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, thyroid disorder and Crohn’s disease
^fNon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) include over the counter and prescription drugs in that category
Bold values are for P < 0.05. Bold and italic values are for P < 0.10

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Table 1 Characteristics of HANDLS study participants by sex, race and EDS status [based on CES-D score (mean across waves)] ^a

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