Table 2 Analysis of baseline systemic inflammatory markers, cytokines and longitudinal change in CES-D score (sex- and race-stratified), mixed-effects linear regression analysis, HANDLS study, 2004–2013

From: Systemic inflammation is associated with depressive symptoms differentially by sex and race: a longitudinal study of urban adults

 

Men

Women

Whites

African-Americans

 

γ ± SEE

P

γ ± SEE

P

γ ± SEE

p

γ ± SEE

p

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, hsCRP

N = 776

N′ = 1,308

N = 991

N′ = 1,746

N = 764

N′ = 1,285

N = 1,003

N′ = 1,769

 hsCRP (γ011 for π0i)

 + 0.038 ± 0.030

0.19

−0.020 ± 0.039

0.61

−0.091 ± 0.061

0.13

 + 0.024 ± 0.026

0.35

 hsCRP × Time (γ111 for π1i)

−0.003 ± 0.008

0.66

 + 0.010 ± 0.009

0.22

 + 0.045 ± 0.016c,e

0.006

−0.002 ± 0.006

0.71

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate,  ESR

N = 776

N′ = 1,308

N = 991

N′ = 1,746

N = 764

N′ = 1,285

N = 1,003

N′ = 1,769

 ESR (γ012 for π0i)

 + 0.020 ± 0.024

0.41

−0.017 ± 0.022

0.44

−0.023 ± 0.032

0.46

−0.003 ± 0.019

0.88

 ESR × Time (γ112 for π1i)

−0.002 ± 0.006

0.72

 + 0.002 ± 0.005

0.63

 + 0.009 ± 0.009

0.32

 + 0.000 ± 0.004

0.95

Albumin, ALB

N = 776

N′ = 1,308

N = 991

N′ = 1,746

N = 764

N′ = 1,285

N = 1,003

N′ = 1,769

 ALB (γ013 for π0i)

−1.850 ± 1.067c

0.083

−1.312 ± 1.242

0.29

−1.387 ± 1.364

0.31

−1.174 ± 1.000

0.24

 ALB × Time (γ113 for π1i)

 + 0.341 ± 0.248

0.17

−0.092 ± 0.289

0.75

−0.585 ± 0.364

0.11

 + 0.267 ± 0.222

0.23

Serum Iron, IRON

N = 776

N′ = 1,308

N = 991

N′ = 1,746

N = 764

N′ = 1,285

N = 1,003

N′ = 1,769

 IRON (γ014 for π0i)

−0.005 ± 0.009

0.58

−0.008 ± 0.010

0.43

 + 0.006 ± 0.010

0.54

−0.012 ± 0.009

0.16

 IRON × Time (γ114 for π1i)

−0.001 ± 0.002

0.66

−0.001 ± 0.002

0.52

−0.006 ± 0.002c

0.015

 + 0.002 ± 0.002

0.19

Inflammation composite score, ICS

N = 776

N′ = 1,308

N = 991

N′ = 1,746

N = 764

N′ = 1,285

N = 1,003

N′ = 1,769

 ICS (γ015 for π0i)

 + 0.487 ± 0.276c

0.078

 + 0.045 ± 0.316

0.89

−0.207 ± 0.387

0.59

 + 0.301 ± 0.244

0.22

 ICS × Time (γ115 for π1i)

−0.047 ± 0.067

0.48

 + 0.082 ± 0.073

0.26

 + 0.301 ± 0.099c,e

0.002

−0.060 ± 0.057

0.29

IL-1β

N = 52

N′ = 90

N = 98

N′ = 167

N = 37

N′ = 62

N = 113

N′ = 195

 IL-1β (γ016 for π0i)

 + 0.140 ± 0.566

0.81

 + 0.247 ± 0.376

0.51

 + 0.811 ± 0.618

0.19

 + 0.192 ± 0.357

0.59

 IL-1β × Time (γ116 for π1i)

 + 0.280 ± 0.218

0.20

 + 0.043 ± 0.095

0.65

 + 0.639 ± 0.226c,e

0.005

 + 0.004 ± 0.096

0.97

IL-6

N = 52

N′ = 90

N = 98

N′ = 167

N = 37

N′ = 62

N = 113

N′ = 195

 IL-6 (γ017 for π0i)

 + 0.062 ± 0.076

0.41

 + 0.138 ± 0.078c

0.078

−0.180 ± 0.101c

0.075

 + 0.177 ± 0.058c,d

0.002

 IL-6 × Time (γ117 for π1i)

−0.012 ± 0.031

0.69

 + 0.005 ± 0.023

0.85

 + 0.060 ± 0.026

0.018

−0.016 ± 0.023

0.48

IL-10

N = 52

N′ = 90

N = 98

N′ = 167

N = 37

N′ = 62

N = 113

N′ = 195

 IL-10 (γ018 for π0i)

 + 0.069 ± 0.026

0.79

 + 0.158 ± 0.400

0.69

 + 0.044 ± 0.432

0.92

 + 0.198 ± 0.246

0.42

 IL-10 × Time (γ118 for π1i)

 + 0.190 ± 0.178

0.29

−0.056 ± 0.095

0.55

−0.068 ± 0.098

0.49

 + 0.157 ± 0.165

0.34

IL-12

N = 52

N′ = 90

N = 98

N′ = 167

N = 37

N′ = 62

N = 113

N′ = 195

 IL-12 (γ019 for π0i)

 + 0.022 ± 0.363

0.95

−0.354 ± 0.737

0.63

−0.524 ± 0.787

0.51

 + 0.118 ± 0.340

0.72

 IL-12 × Time (γ119 for π1i)

 + 0.662 ± 0.219c,e

0.003

 + 0.143 ± 0.181

0.43

 + 0.148 ± 0.194

0.45

 + 0.572 ± 0.212c,e

0.007

IL-18

N = 52

N′ = 90

N = 98

N′ = 167

N = 37

N′ = 62

N = 113

N′ = 195

 IL-18 (γ020 for π0i)

 + 0.002 ± 0.014

0.88

 + 0.004 ± 0.006

0.48

−0.016 ± 0.024

0.49

 + 0.004 ± 0.005

0.48

 IL-18 × Time (γ120 for π1i)

−0.004 ± 0.005

0.34

−0.002 ± 0.003

0.52

−0.017 ± 0.008c

0.035

 + 0.000 ± 0.003

0.97

  1. CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale, HANDLS Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity Across the Lifespan, HS high school, IL interleukin, n3 omega-3, n6 omega-6, PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids, SEE standard error of the estimate
  2. aModels were further adjusted for other covariates (main effects and interaction with time). Time at baseline visit was set to zero. Covariates considered as potential confounders included: baseline age was centered at 50 y, sex, race, PIR, education, employment status, total energy intake centered at 2000 kcal/d, total carotenoid intake at 3 mg/1,000 kcal/d, vitamin C intake at 30 mg/1,000 kcal/d, vitamin A intake at 300 RE/1,000 kcal/d, vitamin E at 3 mg/1,000 kcal/d, vitamin B-6 at 0.8 mg/1,000 kcal/d, vitamin B-12 at 3 μg/1,000 kcal/d, folate at 170 μg/1,000 kcal/d, n-3 PUFA:n-6 PUFA at 0.11. Healthy Eating Index-2010 was centered at 42, body mass index at 30, co-morbid conditions (diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, CVD, inflammatory conditions) and use of NSAIDs. All these covariates were entered in models with ICS and individual component markers (i.e., hsCRP, ESR, ALBUMIN and IRON). In models with cytokines, only sociodemographic covariates (age, sex, race, PIR, education, employment status) and those that were deemed associated with the cytokines in a separate bivariate linear regression model were included. Models stratified by sex or race excluded those covariates in main and interaction effects with TIME
  3. bN = number of participants in the analysis; N′ = total number of visits included in the analysis. Findings that were significant at a type I error of 0.05 are bolded
  4. cIn a separate model with interaction of inflammation marker/cytokine exposures by (sex/race) by TIME, including all other terms in the current model, p < 0.10 for null hypothesis that this interaction term is = 0
  5. dP < 0.005 for exposure main effects
  6. eP < 0.010 for interaction term (exposure × TIME)
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