Table 3 Analysis of baseline systemic inflammatory markers, cytokines and longitudinal change in CES-D component scores (sex- and race-stratified), mixed-effects linear regression analysis, HANDLS study, 2004–2013

From: Systemic inflammation is associated with depressive symptoms differentially by sex and race: a longitudinal study of urban adults

	Men		Women		Whites		African-Americans
	γ ± SEE	P	γ ± SEE	P	γ ± SEE	P	γ ± SEE	p
Y = CES-D component 1: Somatic complaints
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, hsCRP	N = 776	N′ = 1,312	N = 991	N′ = 1,752	N = 764	N′ = 1,289	N = 1,003	N′ = 1,776
hsCRP (γ₀₁₁ for π_0i)	+ 0.030 ± 0.011^c	0.008	−0.009 ± 0.015	0.55	−0.025 ± 0.023^c	0.27	+ 0.019 ± 0.010	0.068
hsCRP × Time (γ₁₁₁ for π_1i)	−0.005 ± 0.003	0.11	+ 0.004 ± 0.004	0.24	+ 0.016 ± 0.007^c	0.014	−0.003 ± 0.003	0.27
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR	N = 776	N′ = 1,312	N = 991	N′ = 1,753	N = 764	N′ = 1,289	N = 1,003	N′ = 1,776
ESR (γ₀₁₂ for π_0i)	+ 0.009 ± 0.009	0.36	+ 0.004 ± 0.009	0.61	−0.006 ± 0.012	0.65	+ 0.008 ± 0.007	0.31
ESR × Time (γ₁₁₂ for π_1i)	−0.001 ± 0.003	0.75	−0.001 ± 0.002	0.66	+ 0.004 ± 0.004	0.29	−0.002 ± 0.002	0.41
Albumin, ALB	N = 776	N′ = 1,312	N = 991	N′ = 1,753	N = 764	N′ = 1,289	N = 1,003	N′ = 1,776
ALB (γ₀₁₃ for π_0i)	−1.192 ± 0.417^c,d	0.004	−1.152 ± 0.487	0.016	−1.238 ± 0.515^c	0.016	−0.913 ± 0.398	0.022
ALB × Time (γ₁₁₃ for π_1i)	+ 0.146 ± 0.105	0.17	+ 0.074 ± 0.121	0.54	−0.076 ± 0.148	0.61	+ 0.122 ± 0.095	0.20
Serum Iron, IRON	N = 776	N′ = 1,312	N = 991	N′ = 1,753	N = 764	N′ = 1,289	N = 1,003	N′ = 1,776
IRON (γ₀₁₄ for π_0i)	−0.005 ± 0.004	0.17	−0.005 ± 0.004	0.15	−0.001 ± 0.004^c	0.71	−0.007 ± 0.004	0.059
IRON × Time (γ₁₁₄ for π_1i)	+ 0.000 ± 0.001	0.92	+ 0.000 ± 0.001	0.85	−0.002 ± 0.010^c	0.062	+ 0.0014 ± 0.0008	0.072
Inflammation Composite Score, ICS	N = 776	N′ = 1,312	N = 991	N′ = 1,753	N = 764	N′ = 1,289	N = 1,003	N′ = 1,776
ICS (γ₀₁₅ for π0i)	+ 0.336 ± 0.108	0.002^c,d	+ 0.184 ± 0.122	0.13	+ 0.108 ± 0.146^c	0.46	+ 0.267 ± 0.097	0.006
ICS × Time (γ₁₁₅ for π1i)	−0.038 ± 0.028	0.17	−0.002 ± 0.031	0.95	+ 0.090 ± 0.040^c	0.026	−0.047 ± 0.024	0.052
IL-1β	N = 52	N′ = 90	N = 98	N′ = 167	N = 37	N′ = 37	N = 113	N′ = 195
IL-1β (γ₀₁₆ for π0i)	+ 0.113 ± 0.295	0.70	−0.033 ± 0.147	0.82	+ 0.384 ± 0.243	0.11	−0.016 ± 0.139	0.91
IL-1β × Time (γ₁₁₆ for π1i)	+ 0.008 ± 0.079	0.92	+ 0.006 ± 0.034	0.87	+ 0.174 ± 0.092^c	0.059	−0.017 ± 0.033	0.61
IL-6	N = 52	N′ = 90	N = 98	N′ = 167	N = 37	N′ = 62	N = 113	N′ = 195
IL-6 (γ₀₁₇ for π0i)	+ 0.037 ± 0.029	0.21	+ 0.037 ± 0.031	0.23	−0.047 ± 0.041^c	0.26	+ 0.060 ± 0.023	0.010
IL-6 × Time (γ₁₁₇ for π1i)	+ 0.009 ± 0.011	0.43	+ 0.000 ± 0.009	0.99	+ 0.025 ± 0.013^c	0.039	−0.002 ± 0.008	0.79
IL-10	N = 52	N′ = 90	N = 98	N′ = 167	N = 37	N′ = 62	N = 113	N′ = 195
IL-10 (γ₀₁₈ for π0i)	+ 0.076 ± 0.104	0.47	−0.075 ± 0.156	0.63	−0.029 ± 0.176	0.86	+ 0.078 ± 0.097	0.42
IL-10 × Time (γ₁₁₈ for π1i)	+ 0.054 ± 0.064	0.40	−0.017 ± 0.034	0.62	+ 0.000 ± 0.936	0.99	−0.003 ± 0.059	0.96
IL-12	N = 52	N′ = 90	N = 98	N′ = 167	N = 37	N′ = 62	N = 113	N′ = 195
IL-12 (γ₀₁₉ for π0i)	+ 0.082 ± 0.146	0.58	−0.259 ± 0.288	0.37	−0.167 ± 0.328	0.61	+ 0.077 ± 0.135	0.57
IL-12 × Time (γ₁₁₉ for π1i)	+ 0.171 ± 0.083^c	0.039	+ 0.028 ± 0.064	0.66	+ 0.074 ± 0.070	0.29	+ 0.079 ± 0.079	0.33
IL-18	N = 52	N′ = 90	N = 98	N′ = 167	N = 37	N′ = 62	N = 113	N′ = 195
IL-18 (γ₀₂₀ for π0i)	+ 0.004 ± 0.005	0.48	+ 0.002 ± 0.002	0.44	−0.000 ± 0.002	0.79	+ 0.001 ± + 0.002	0.52
IL-18 × Time (γ₁₂₀ for π1i)	−0.000 ± 0.002	0.95	−0.001 ± 0.001	0.37	+ 0.001 ± 0.001	0.36	−0.000 ± 0.001	0.70
Y = CES-D component 2: Depressed affect
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, hsCRP	N = 776	N′ = 1,312	N = 991	N′ = 1,752	N = 764	N′ = 1,292	N = 1,003	N′ = 1,772
hsCRP (γ₀₁₁ for π_0i)	+ 0.009 ± 0.013	0.48	−0.011 ± 0.017	0.51	−0.038 ± 0.026	0.15	+ 0.003 ± 0.0011	0.81
hsCRP × Time (γ₁₁₁ for π_1i)	−0.0003 ± 0.0035	0.93	+ 0.005 ± 0.004	0.18	+ 0.020 ± 0.007^c,e	0.007	+ 0.000 ± 0.003	0.97
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, ESR	N = 776	N′ = 1,312	N = 991	N′ = 1,752	N = 764	N′ = 1,292	N = 1,003	N′ = 1,772
ESR (γ₀₁₂ for π_0i)	+ 0.008 ± 0.010	0.43	−0.015 ± 0.010	0.13	−0.018 ± 0.014	0.19	−0.005 ± 0.008	0.57
ESR × Time (γ₁₁₂ for π_1i)	−0.003 ± 0.003	0.35	+ 0.003 ± 0.002	0.18	+ 0.004 ± 0.004	0.31	+ 0.001 ± 0.002	0.66
Albumin, ALB	N = 776	N′ = 1,312	N = 991	N′ = 1,752	N = 764	N′ = 1,292	N = 1,003	N′ = 1,772
ALB (γ₀₁₃ for π_0i)	−0.407 ± 0.461	0.38	+ 0.013 ± 0.550	0.98	−0.036 ± 0.594	0.951	−0.208 ± 0.443	0.64
ALB × Time (γ₁₁₃ for π_1i)	+ 0.160 ± 0.116	0.17	−0.096 ± 0.132	0.47	−0.348 ± 0.161^c	0.031	+ 0.165 ± 0.105	0.12
Serum Iron, IRON	N = 776	N′ = 1,312	N = 991	N′ = 1,752	N = 764	N′ = 1,292	N = 1,003	N′ = 1,772
IRON (γ₀₁₄ for π_0i)	−0.202 ± 0.093^c	0.030	+ 0.000 ± 0.004	0.96	+ 0.005 ± 0.004	0.24	−0.003 ± 0.004	0.52
IRON × Time (γ₁₁₄ for π_1i)	−0.000 ± 0.004	0.95	−0.001 ± 0.001	0.27	−0.0023 ± 0.0010^c	0.028	+ 0.0007 ± 0.0009	0.44
Inflammation Composite Score, ICS	N = 776	N′ = 1,312	N = 991	N′ = 1,752	N = 764	N′ = 1,292	N = 1,003	N′ = 1,772
ICS (γ₀₁₅ for π0i)	+ 0.118 ± 0.119	0.32	−0.142 ± 0.140	0.31	−0.240 ± 0.168	0.15	+ 0.025 ± 0.109	0.82
ICS × Time (γ₁₁₅ for π1i)	−0.033 ± 0.031	0.29	+ 0.063 ± 0.033	0.06^c	+ 0.139 ± 0.044^c,e	0.002	−0.018 ± 0.027	0.49
IL-1β	N = 52	N′ = 90	N = 98	N′ = 168	N = 37	N′ = 63	N = 113	N′ = 195
IL-1β (γ₀₁₆ for π0i)	−0.044 ± 0.241	0.86	+ 0.107 ± 0.194	0.58	+ 0.153 ± 0.284	0.59	+ 0.088 ± 0.177	0.62
IL-1β × Time (γ₁₁₆ for π1i)	+ 0.180 ± 0.092^c	0.050	+ 0.042 ± 0.052	0.42	+ 0.373 ± 0.123^c,e	0.003	+ 0.014 ± 0.048	0.77
IL-6	N = 52	N′ = 90	N = 98	N′ = 168	N = 37	N′ = 63	N = 113	N′ = 195
IL-6 (γ₀₁₇ for π0i)	+ 0.011 ± 0.032	0.72	+ 0.092 ± 0.039^c	0.020	−0.044 ± 0.047	0.35	+ 0.076 ± 0.029	0.009^c
IL-6 × Time (γ₁₁₇ for π1i)	−0.012 ± 0.014	0.37	−0.002 ± 0.013	0.87	+ 0.015 ± 0.017	0.37	−0.011 ± 0.011	0.32
IL-10	N = 52	N′ = 90	N = 98	N′ = 168	N = 37	N′ = 63	N = 113	N′ = 195
IL-10 (γ₀₁₈ for π0i)	−0.022 ± 0.112	0.84	+ 0.103 ± 0.207	0.62	−0.038 ± 0.203	0.85	+ 0.052 ± 0.122	0.67
IL-10 × Time (γ₁₁₈ for π1i)	+ 0.042 ± 0.074	0.57	−0.035 ± 0.053	0.50	−0.028 ± 0.053	0.59	+ 0.053 ± 0.078	0.50
IL-12	N = 52	N′ = 90	N = 98	N′ = 168	N = 37	N′ = 63	N = 113	N′ = 195
IL-12 (γ₀₁₉ for π0i)	−0.064 ± 0.154	0.68	−0.098 ± 0.370	0.64	−0.284 ± 0.372	0.45	−0.012 ± 0.167	0.94
IL-12 × Time (γ₁₁₉ for π1i)	+ 0.260 ± 0.093^c,e	0.005	+ 0.084 ± 0.098	0.40	+ 0.075 ± 0.102^c	0.46	+ 0.247 ± 0.101	0.015
IL-18	N = 52	N′ = 90	N = 98	N′ = 168	N = 37	N′ = 62	N = 113	N′ = 195
IL-18 (γ₀₂₀ for π0i)	+ 0.002 ± 0.006	0.76	+ 0.003 ± 0.003	0.32	−0.007 ± 0.010	0.51	+ 0.003 ± 0.003	0.25
IL-18 × Time (γ₁₂₀ for π1i)	−0.003 ± 0.002	0.16	−0.000 ± 0.002	0.77	−0.008 ± 0.004^c	0.056	−0.000 ± 0.001	0.99
Y = CES-D component 3: Positive affect
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, hsCRP	N = 776	N′ = 1,310	N = 991	N′ = 1,754	N = 764	N′ = 1,291	N = 1,003	N′ = 1,773
hsCRP (γ₀₁₁ for π_0i)	+ 0.001 ± 0.007	0.90	−0.005 ± 0.009	0.61	+ 0.011 ± 0.015	0.45	−0.003 ± 0.006	0.64
hsCRP × Time (γ₁₁₁ for π_1i)	−0.003 ± 0.002	0.23	−0.000 ± 0.002	0.89	−0.003 ± 0.004	0.43	−0.001 ± 0.002	0.47
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, ESR	N = 776	N′ = 1,310	N = 991	N′ = 1,754	N = 764	N′ = 1,291	N = 1,003	N′ = 1,773
ESR (γ₀₁₂ for π_0i)	−0.007 ± 0.006	0.24	+ 0.005 ± 0.005	0.33	−0.005 ± 0.008	0.56	+ 0.003 ± 0.004	0.47
ESR × Time (γ₁₁₂ for π_1i)	+ 0.001 ± 0.002	0.46	−0.001 ± 0.001	0.64	+ 0.001 ± 0.002	0.75	−0.000 ± 0.001	0.91
Albumin, ALB	N = 776	N′ = 1,310	N = 991	N′ = 1,754	N = 764	N′ = 1,291	N = 1,003	N′ = 1,773
ALB (γ₀₁₃ for π_0i)	+ 0.136 ± 0.261	0.60	+ 0.109 ± 0.299	0.72	+ 0.189 ± 0.344	0.58	−0.012 ± 0.239	0.96
ALB × Time (γ₁₁₃ for π_1i)	−0.037 ± 0.071	0.61	+ 0.020 ± 0.072	0.78	+ 0.058 ± 0.092	0.53	−0.001 ± 0.060	0.98
Serum Iron, IRON	N = 776	N′ = 1,310	N = 991	N′ = 1,754	N = 764	N′ = 1,291	N = 1,003	N′ = 1,773
IRON (γ₀₁₄ for π_0i)	−0.001 ± 0.002	0.75	+ 0.001 ± 0.002	0.57	−0.0015 ± 0.0020	0.54	+ 0.001 ± 0.002	0.51
IRON × Time (γ₁₁₄ for π_1i)	+ 0.0013 ± 0.0006^c	0.019	+ 0.000 ± 0.001	0.63	+ 0.0011 ± 0.0006^c	0.069	+ 0.0001 ± 0.0004	0.80
Inflammation Composite Score, ICS	N = 776	N′ = 1,310	N = 991	N′ = 1,754	N = 764	N′ = 1,291	N = 1,003	N′ = 1,773
ICS (γ₀₁₅ for π0i)	−0.034 ± 0.068	0.62	−0.005 ± 0.076	0.95	+ 0.000 ± 0.097	0.99	−0.002 ± 0.059	0.96
ICS × Time (γ₁₁₅ for π1i)	−0.018 ± 0.019	0.37	−0.011 ± 0.018	0.53	−0.030 ± 0.025	0.22	−0.007 ± 0.015	0.65
IL-1β	N = 52	N′ = 90	N = 98	N′ = 168	N = 37	N′ = 63	N = 113	N′ = 195
IL-1β (γ₀₁₆ for π0i)	−0.017 ± 0.119	0.89	−0.072 ± 0.088	0.41	−0.042 ± 0.146^c	0.78	−0.088 ± 0.082	0.29
IL-1β × Time (γ₁₁₆ for π1i)	−0.070 ± 0.056	0.21	−0.014 ± 0.025	0.58	−0.106 ± 0.054^c	0.048	−0.001 ± 0.024	0.95
IL-6	N = 52	N′ = 90	N = 98	N′ = 168	N = 37	N′ = 63	N = 113	N′ = 195
IL-6 (γ₀₁₇ for π0i)	−0.006 ± 0.015	0.69	+ 0.0015 ± 0.018	0.93	+ 0.044 ± 0.024^c	0.064	−0.020 ± 0.014	0.14
IL-6 × Time (γ₁₁₇ for π1i)	+ 0.002 ± 0.008	0.83	−0.004 ± 0.006	0.49	−0.003 ± 0.006	0.67	−0.002 ± 0.006	0.72
IL-10	N = 52	N′ = 90	N = 98	N′ = 168	N = 37	N′ = 63	N = 113	N′ = 195
IL-10 (γ₀₁₈ for π0i)	+ 0.014 ± 0.054	0.79	+ 0.065 ± 0.094	0.49	+ 0.099 ± 0.095	0.30	−0.011 ± 0.056	0.85
IL-10 × Time (γ₁₁₈ for π1i)	−0.104 ± 0.043^c	0.017	−0.008 ± 0.026	0.76	+ 0.006 ± 0.024	0.81	−0.106 ± 0.037^e	0.005
IL-12	N = 52	N′ = 90	N = 98	N′ = 168	N = 37	N′ = 63	N = 113	N′ = 195
IL-12 (γ₀₁₉ for π0i)	+ 0.041 ± 0.077	0.59	+ 0.128 ± 0.173	0.46	+ 0.229 ± 0.159	0.15	+ 0.007 ± 0.078	0.93
IL-12 × Time (γ₁₁₉ for π1i)	−0.200 ± 0.050^c,e	< 0.001	−0.038 ± 0.048	0.44	+ 0.008 ± 0.042^c	0.85	−0.200 ± 0.047^e	< 0.001
IL-18	N = 52	N′ = 90	N = 98	N′ = 168	N = 37	N′ = 63	N = 113	N′ = 195
IL-18 (γ₀₂₀ for π0i)	+ 0.003 ± 0.003	0.27	+ 0.001 ± 0.001	0.37	+ 0.008 ± 0.006	0.20	+ 0.001 ± 0.001	0.31
IL-18 × Time (γ₁₂₀ for π1i)	+ 0.001 ± 0.001	0.29	−0.000 ± 0.001	0.91	+ 0.004 ± 0.002^c	0.026	−0.000 ± 0.001	0.59
Y = CES-D component 4: Interpersonal problems
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, hsCRP	N = 776	N′ = 1,313	N = 991	N′ = 1,755	N = 764	N′ = 1,292	N = 1,003	N′ = 1,776
hsCRP (γ₀₁₁ for π_0i)	−0.000 ± 0.004	0.99	−0.005 ± 0.005	0.31	-0.014 ± 0.007^c	0.046	−0.000 ± 0.003	0.91
hsCRP × Time (γ₁₁₁ for π_1i)	−0.001 ± 0.001	0.54	+ 0.001 ± 0.001	0.53	+ 0.005 ± 0.002^c	0.014	−0.001 ± 0.001	0.41
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, ESR	N = 776	N′ = 1,313	N = 991	N′ = 1,755	N = 764	N′ = 1,292	N = 1,003	N′ = 1,776
ESR (γ₀₁₂ for π_0i)	−0.004 ± 0.003	0.24	−0.001 ± 0.003	0.68	−0.004 ± 0.004	0.36	−0.002 ± 0.003	0.36
ESR × Time (γ₁₁₂ for π_1i)	+ 0.002 ± 0.001^c	0.030	−0.000 ± 0.001	0.64	+ 0.002 ± 0.0012	0.17	+ 0.000 ± 0.001	0.80
Albumin, ALB	N = 776	N′ = 1,313	N = 991	N′ = 1,755	N = 764	N′ = 1,292	N = 1,003	N′ = 1,776
ALB (γ₀₁₃ for π_0i)	−0.116 ± 0.151	0.44	−0.098 ± 0.146	0.50	−0.001 ± 0.164	1.00	−0.077 ± 0.135	0.56
ALB × Time (γ₁₁₃ for π_1i)	+ 0.020 ± 0.042	0.64	−0.034 ± 0.040	0.39	−0.086 ± 0.050^c	0.088	+ 0.019 ± 0.035	0.60
Serum Iron, IRON	N = 776	N′ = 1,313	N = 991	N′ = 1,755	N = 764	N′ = 1,292	N = 1,003	N′ = 1,776
IRON (γ₀₁₄ for π_0i)	−0.001 ± 0.001	0.51	−0.001 ± 0.001	0.33	+ 0.001 ± 0.001	0.52	−0.0018 ± 0.0012	0.14
IRON × Time (γ₁₁₄ for π_1i)	+ 0.0006 ± 0.0003^c	0.081	−0.000 ± 0.000	0.42	−0.0002 ± 0.0003	0.43	+ 0.0004 ± 0.0003	0.16
Inflammation Composite Score, ICS	N = 776	N′ = 1,313	N = 991	N′ = 1,755	N = 764	N′ = 1,292	N = 1,003	N′ = 1,776
ICS (γ₀₁₅ for π0i)	+ 0.003 ± 0.039	0.94	+ 0.002 ± 0.037	0.96	−0.056 ± 0.046	0.22	+ 0.007 ± 0.033	0.82
ICS × Time (γ₁₁₅ for π1i)	−0.003 ± 0.011	0.80	+ 0.007 ± 0.010	0.49	+ 0.032 ± 0.014^c	0.019	−0.008 ± 0.009	0.36
IL-1β	N = 52	N′ = 90	N = 98	N′ = 168	N = 37	N′ = 63	N = 113	N′ = 195
IL-1β (γ₀₁₆ for π0i)	+ 0.007 ± 0.066	0.91	+ 0.073 ± 0.049	0.13	+ 0.110 ± 0.053^c	0.040	+ 0.038 ± 0.049	0.44
IL-1β × Time (γ₁₁₆ for π1i)	+ 0.019 ± 0.028	0.51	+ 0.008 ± 0.011	0.47	+ 0.037 ± 0.025	0.13	+ 0.008 ± 0.013	0.56
IL-6	N = 52	N′ = 90	N = 98	N′ = 168	N = 37	N′ = 63	N = 113	N′ = 195
IL-6 (γ₀₁₇ for π0i)	+ 0.008 ± 0.009^c	0.36	+ 0.018 ± 0.010	0.081	+ 0.000 ± 0.011^c	0.99	+ 0.022 ± 0.008	0.006
IL-6 × Time (γ₁₁₇ for π1i)	−0.006 ± 0.004	0.15	+ 0.001 ± 0.003	0.65	+ 0.002 ± 0.004	0.60	−0.002 ± 0.003	0.54
IL-10	N = 52	N′ = 90	N = 98	N′ = 168	N = 37	N′ = 63	N = 113	N = 195
IL-10 (γ₀₁₈ for π0i)	+ 0.033 ± 0.028	0.25	+ 0.065 ± 0.094	0.49	+ 0.157 ± 0.030^c,d	< 0.001	+ 0.057 ± 0.033	0.077
IL-10 × Time (γ₁₁₈ for π1i)	−0.017 ± 0.021	0.42	−0.008 ± 0.026	0.76	−0.023 ± 0.009^c	0.014	+ 0.009 ± 0.021	0.65
IL-12	N = 52	N′ = 90	N = 98	N′ = 168	N = 37	N′ = 63	N = 113	N′ = 195
IL-12 (γ₀₁₉ for π0i)	+ 0.049 ± 0.040	0.22	+ 0.049 ± 0.095	0.61	+ 0.021 ± 0.069	0.76	+ 0.064 ± 0.045	0.16
IL-12 × Time (γ₁₁₉ for π1i)	+ 0.017 ± 0.028^c	0.55	+ 0.043 ± 0.024	0.071	+ 0.019 ± 0.019^c	0.31	+ 0.051 ± 0.027	0.060
IL-18	N = 52	N′ = 90	N = 98	N′ = 168	N = 37	N′ = 63	N = 113	N′ = 195
IL-18 (γ₀₂₀ for π0i)	−0.000 ± 0.002	0.79	+ 0.001 ± 0.001	0.46	+ 0.004 ± 0.003	0.12	+ 0.001 ± 0.000	0.36
IL-18 × Time (γ₁₂₀ for π1i)	+ 0.001 ± 0.001	0.36	+ 0.000 ± 0.000	0.50	−0.001 ± 0.001	0.11	+ 0.000 ± 0.000	0.15

CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale, HANDLS Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity Across the Lifespan, IL Interleukin, HS high school, n3 omega-3, n6 omega-6, PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids, SEE standard error of the estimate
^aModels were further adjusted for other covariates (main effects and interaction with time). Time at baseline visit was set to zero. Covariates considered as potential confounders included: baseline age was centered at 50 y, sex, race, PIR, education, employment status, total energy intake centered at 2000kcal/d, total carotenoid intake at 3 mg/1,000 kcal/d, vitamin C intake at 30 mg/1,000 kcal/d, vitamin A intake at 300 RE/1,000 kcal/d, vitamin E at 3 mg/1,000 kcal/d, vitamin B-6 at 0.8 mg/1,000 kcal/d, vitamin B-12 at 3 μg/1,000 kcal/d, folate at 170 μg/1,000 kcal/d, n-3 PUFA:n-6 PUFA at 0.11. Healthy Eating Index-2010 was centered at 42, body mass index at 30, co-morbid conditions (diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, CVD, inflammatory conditions) and use of NSAIDs. All these covariates were entered in models with ICS and individual component markers (i.e. hsCRP, ESR, ALBUMIN and IRON). In models with cytokines, only sociodemographic covariates (age, sex, race, PIR, education, employment status) and those that were deemed associated with the cytokines in a separate bivariate linear regression model were included. Models stratified by sex or race excluded those covariates in main and interaction effects with TIME
^bN = number of participants in the analysis; N’ = total number of visits included in the analysis. Findings that were significant at a type I error of 0.05 are bolded
^cIn a separate model with interaction of inflammation marker/cytokine exposures by (sex/race) by TIME, including all other terms in the current model, p < 0.10 for null hypothesis that this interaction term is = 0
^dP < 0.005 for exposure main effects
^eP < 0.010 for interaction term (exposure × TIME)

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Table 3 Analysis of baseline systemic inflammatory markers, cytokines and longitudinal change in CES-D component scores (sex- and race-stratified), mixed-effects linear regression analysis, HANDLS study, 2004–2013

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